Levels of dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenylethers in human milk in two Canadian cities

Flame retardant dechlorane plus (DP) and several polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners have been measured in 87 human milk samples collected in two Canadian cities: Kingston and Sherbrooke. The levels of PBDEs in human milk (mean (median), ng g^− 1 lipid weight = 10 (5.9), 4.1 (2.8), 3.0 (1.6), 5.12 (1.6), and 15 (ND) for BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209, respectively) were comparable to those reported in Europe, U.S.A. and China. The levels of DP, with a mean value of 0.98 ng g^− 1 and a median value of 0.60 ng g^− 1 (lipid weight), were two to ten times lower than those of concurrently measured major PBDEs including BDE-209. While there is little difference in the levels of measured contaminants in milk samples collected from the two cities, the contaminants levels in human milk show, indicated by Principal Components Analysis, that DP, deca-BDE, and penta-BDE come from three distinct sources. The mean and median isomer ratio values of DP in milk were 0.67 and 0.69, respectively, very similar to that of DP commercial products.     

Integration of Recursive Operability Analysis,FMECA and FTA for the Quantitative Risk Assessment in biogas plants: Role of procedural errors and components failures

With more than 350 GWh per year and thousands of installations around the world, biogas is an appealing strategy in the field of energy production and industrial waste optimization. In this sense, it is of paramount importance to address the risk associated with such plants, as an increasing trend of accidents have been recorded in the last 20 years. In this work, a representative biogas production plant was considered, and a risk assessment was carried out through the combination of Recursive Operability Analysis and Failure Mode and Effects Criticality Analysis. The methodology is rigorous and allows for both the identification and the quantification of accidental scenarios due to procedural errors and equipment failures, which miss in the literature for the case of biogas. The analysis allows the automatic generation of the Fault Trees for the identified Top Events, which can be numerically solved. Results show that the most critical accidental scenario in the biogas plant here considered is the formation of an explosive air-biogas mixture, which can occur in both anaerobic digester and condensate trap. The calculated probabilities agree with the results available in literature on similar plants. Pumps and Distributed Control System were found to be the most critical components.     

电子垃圾拆解区及其周边大气中得克隆的污染和呼吸暴露研究

添加型高氯代阻燃剂得克隆(dechlorane plus,DP)因为在环境中表现出普遍存在性、持久性、生物富集性、长距离迁移性和毒性,近年来迅速引起各国环境科学家的关注和重视。DP广泛应用于电线电缆等电子产品塑料中,粗放式电子垃圾拆解活动已被证实是环境中DP的重要污染来源之一。为探讨电子垃圾拆解区及其周边地区大气中DP的污染特征、呼吸暴露剂量和影响因素,对典型电子垃圾拆解区贵屿(GY)及其周边地区陈店(CD)和对照市区(广州市天河区,TH)进行大气采样和DP分析,并运用Monte Carlo模拟计算其日呼吸摄入剂量,同时对暴露参数进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明:受当地粗放式电子垃圾拆解活动的影响,GY大气中的DP平均浓度(范围)高达(1 119±1 021)pg·m-3(410~3 381 pg·m-3),远高于CD(52.2±30.2,20.9~102 pg·m-3)和TH(5.04±2.73,0.967~9.43 pg·m-3);受GY大气污染扩散迁移的影响,CD大气中的DP浓度也显著高于TH(t-test,P=0.006);GY大气中反式DP的比例(fanti)与DP商业品(fanti=0.70)无显著差异(t-test,P=0.08),这与其存在本地排放源一致,而TH大气中的fanti显著低于DP商业品(t-test,P=0.000);3个地区居民的DP日均呼吸摄入剂量(pg·kg-1·d-1)分别为:GY成人1 888,儿童1 912;CD成人60.9,儿童62.8;TH成人5.16,儿童5.25;呼吸速率是DP日呼吸摄入剂量的主要贡献因子,其次为大气中的DP浓度和体重,体重对于儿童的影响远高于成人。上述研究结果表明GY及其周边地区居民均处于较高DP呼吸暴露风险中。     

施用组配固化剂对盆栽土壤重金属交换态含量及在水稻中累积分布的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究组配固化剂石灰石+海泡石在不同施用量(0、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0、16.0 g·kg-1)下,盆栽土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量的变化与在水稻根、茎、壳和糙米的累积分布.结果表明:①土壤中Pb、Cd和Zn交换态含量随着组配固化剂施用量的增加呈明显降低趋势,交换态含量较对照分别降低了15.3%~99.9%、9.2%~99.9%和7.0%~99.9%,有效缓解了水稻对土壤Pb、Cd和Zn的吸收.②水稻生长状况得到改善,株高随组配固化剂施用量的增加逐渐上升.施用量在1.0 g·kg-1时,谷粒产量最大,与对照相比,增产60.4%.水稻各器官对Pb、Cd、Zn的吸收随施用量的增加逐渐下降;与对照相比,施用1.0~16.0 g·kg-1的组配固化剂后糙米中Pb、Cd和Zn含量下降幅度分别为2.2%~13.1%、29.3%~79.3%和19.5%~43.3%.     

热碱预处理后得克隆对污泥厌氧发酵产酸及污泥特性的影响

为了探究新兴污染物得克隆(DPs)对剩余活性污泥(WAS)发酵产酸及污泥特征的影响,以WAS及DPs为研究对象,建立序批式反应器,在中温条件下探究了不同含量的DPs对WAS发酵的影响.结果表明,DPs对污泥厌氧发酵产短链脂肪酸(SCFA)具有明显的抑制作用,当DPs含量为300.0mg/kg TSS时,SCFA的最大产...     

“十三五”环境信息化的战略思考

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