生态资产资本化:要素构成·运营模式·政策需求

构建生态保护市场体系是我国生态文明制度建设和环境保护体制改革的重要目标. 生态资产资本化运营是利用市场经济手段保护生态资源、改善生态环境质量,并直接或者间接创造利润的生态经济运作模式,与我国生态文明制度建设和环境保护体制改革目标具有高度统一性. 为推进生态资产资本化运营进程,通过全面分析、归纳、总结国内外生态资产资本化运营理论研究和案例实践成果,深入剖析了社会主体、生态客体、市场平台、技术动力和制度保障五大构成要素在生态资产资本化运作体系中的地位和作用;以此为前提,依据生态资产资本化运营的客体类型,探讨了深度开发生态产品增殖、优化配置生态资产共生增殖、交易生态资产权属、交易生态服务、产业化运营五大生态资产资本化模式,并结合我国生态环境状况与经济社会发展形势,从构建激励保障机制、建立监管约束制度和提升科技支撑能力三方面提出推进我国生态资产资本化运营的政策需求,以规避生态资产“过度资本化”的生态风险,实现经济社会与生态环境保护可持续、协同发展的目标.      

Two alternative modes for di use pollution control in Wuhan City Zoo

Pollution in urban zoos arises from diffuse and small point sources. However, its control has received little attention in past decades. Online and ofttine modes of ecological engineering technology were designed to control pollution from small point and diffuse sources in Wuhan City Zoo, China. Their characteristics and performances were investigated in sixteen runoff events from 2003 to 2005. The results showed that the two modes both improved runoff water quality and had high retention rates for water and pollutants. In the outflows, the event mean concentrations （EMCs） of total suspended solids （TSS）, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were reduced by 88%, 59%, 46% and 71% for the online mode, and those were 77%, 42%, 50% and 66% for the ofttine mode. The annual retention rates of pollutant loads for the online mode were 94.9%-98.5% in the three study years; those for the ofitine mode were 70.5%-86.4%. Based on calculation, the online mode was able to store the runoff of 66.7 mm rainfall completely, and the ofttine mode could store that of 31.3 mm rainfall. In addition, the online mode can provide an effective way for rainwater utilization and good habitats for aquatic wildlives, and has an excellent aesthetics value for recreationsal pastimes. The ofiline mode can save land resources and may be an effective and economical measure for diffuse pollution control in urban areas.     

南极春季海冰物理对叶绿素控制作用的统计分析

利用2006年南极威德尔海西北海域冬末春初的冰芯晶体结构,和302组冰芯温度、盐度、密度、叶绿素-a、脱镁叶绿素数据,以及冰底面叶绿素a垂直分布数据,进一步确定积雪/海冰厚度、冰内温度、盐度、密度对冰内和冰下叶绿素a的贡献.利用环境制约与生态平衡原理,阐明积雪/海冰厚度通过阻碍光通量对冰底叶绿素的效应,以及卤水体积通过冰温度和盐度体现对冰藻细胞活性的抑制作用.统计分析不仅确立了南极海冰冰内卤水体积-内叶绿素a的逻辑斯蒂上限含量曲线,并体现出粒状冰同柱状冰卤水排泄方式的差异及其对冰底春季叶绿素a快速增长的冰物理贡献.冰藻细胞活性指标小于0.5的仅占4.3%,该数据为南极冰藻是维持南极冰区浮游植物旺发的主导因子提供了重要依据.     

民航人因失误分类框架

人因失误分类是否系统、完整及对人误描述是否一致直接影响人误分析的结果。本文对民航中主要几种人误分析方法进行了详细评述,指出其在考虑人的认知过程和行为外在表现形式方面的不足。在对现有人误理论模型和人误分类方法详细分析的基础上,提出了民航人误分类框架。框架由人的行为过程的四个阶段“获取信息-分析处理信息-决策／计划-执行”和八类人误模式及相应的子模式构成。行为阶段与人误模式可针对具体活动进行组合,框架的使用具有灵活性。框架对保证民航中人误辨识结果的规范性和准确性具有重要意义。     

玻璃纤维(GFRP)布——高强混凝土界面的剥离承载力研究

高强混凝土如今被广泛应用于各种重要的民用和工业建筑物上,与其维修加固相关的问题急需人们去研究、解决。目前,外贴玻璃纤维(GFRP)布加固高强混凝土的关键问题——界面的粘结破坏机理还很少有系统研究。本文对41个粘贴GFRP布的高强混凝土试件进行了单面剪切试验,得到了不同影响因素(混凝土强度、GFRP布粘结长度、宽度比、GFRP布刚度)作用下的界面剥离承载力、应变分布以及破坏模式。统计分析承载力试验值,给出了适合高强混凝土的宽度比系数,进而得到了GFRP布—高强混凝土界面的剥离承载力计算公式;进一步将试验值与陈-腾公式进行了比较,并且检验了已有承载力模型预测的准确性;由试验得到的应变数据考察了界面应变分布,发现应变的理论计算值与试验值在弹性阶段吻合较好。高强混凝土下,超过有效粘结长度后界面的破坏模式主要为界面剥离破坏。     

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk for premature ovarian failure and reproductive hormones imbalance

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are a typical class of persistent organic pollutants that is ubiquitous worldwide.Previous animal studies suggested that PAHs had adverse effects on female reproduction.However,the human data regarding relationship of PAHs exposure with women reproductive health,such as ovarian dysfunction,are scarce.In this case-control study,the associations of serum levels of PAHs with the risk of premature ovarian failure(POF) and reproductive hormones in Chinese women ...     

南四湖表层沉积物中砷赋存特征及污染评价

为了解南四湖表层沉积物中砷（As）的赋存与分布特征及污染状况,分别采用王水消解-原子荧光法和Tessier修正连续提取法分析59个表层沉积物样品中As含量及其赋存形态,并利用次生相与原生相比值法和风险评价编码法进行As污染与生态风险评价。结果表明：南四湖表层沉积物中总砷（TAs）含量为8.81~25.14 mg/kg,平均值为（18.06±5.26）mg/kg,高于山东省土壤As背景值和黄河干流沉积物As背景值;各形态As平均含量依次为残渣态（17.30 mg/kg）>腐殖酸结合态（0.31 mg/kg）>铁锰氧化态（0.30 mg/kg）>离子交换态（0.05 mg/kg）=水溶态（0.05 mg/kg）>碳酸盐结合态（0.04 mg/kg）>强有机质结合态（0.004 mg/kg）;各湖区均以残渣态As为主,可提取态As仅占TAs的4.46%。次生相与原生相比值法评价结果表明,南四湖沉积物中As均为清洁水平;风险评价编码法评价结果表明,南四湖沉积物整体上无生态风险,但约有28.8%的采样点沉积物中As处于轻度生态风险。

     

抛物形件用软凸模拉深成形

分析了抛物形件用软凸模拉深过程,用聚氨酯橡胶凸模能简化抛物形件的制造工艺,有效地防止拉裂、起皱和回弹,给出了软凸模拉深系数和合适的软模硬度。     

Effect of introducing prenatal diagnosis on the reproductive behaviour of families at risk for cystic fibrosis. A Cohort study

We studied 101 couples to determine how far their reproductive behaviour was affected by the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) on its first occurrence in the couple's progeny and by the availability of prenatal diagnosis (PD). The couples were all resident in the Veneto and Trentino regions and attending the Verona CF Centre. CF had been diagnosed in the first affected child, during the period 1 January 1980-1 July 1990, before the age of 1 year. Couples received a questionnaire regarding socio-demographic status, reproduction data, and awareness of PD. Reproductive history was divided into three phases: prior to diagnosis of CF in the first affected child; from this time until PD was made available; and after the couples had learned of PD. In phase 2 (awareness of the genetic risk but not of PD), 54 couples showed a marked decrease in reproduction, none of the few pregnancies that occurred being taken to term. When couples became aware of PD, some resumption of reproductive activity occurred and 11 per cent of the 101 couples had another child; PD was used in 65 per cent of pregnancies and the abortion rate decreased to 35 per cent. All couples who opted for PD had no children without CF.     

煤中镍的研究进展

镍是煤中毒害性元素之一,燃煤过程中镍对大气、水、土壤、生物的危害性是不可低估的。本文综述了镍的地球化学特征,以及煤中镍的分布、赋存状态与迁移规律。