On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing

On-road emission and fuel consumption (FC) levels for Euro III and IV buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro III diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power (VSP). They all were the lowest when VSP < 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.     

跨境水资源分配典型模式特征评述及中国主张思考

跨境河流治理的核心是跨境水资源分配问题。结合案例分析,从流域国利益关系视角概括出四种跨境水资源分配典型模式——“强权”模式、“传承”模式、“绅士”模式和“共享”模式,并从适用条件、磋商履约、运行效率和潜在问题等方面进行特征评述。对跨境河流水资源分配的中国主张提出如下建议：拒绝“强权”模式,依托“一带一路”走出“水霸权”话语困境;主张“共享”模式,倡导构建跨境水资源“命运共同体”;对水资源相对丰沛的跨境流域,主张创新特殊水情下的跨境水资源调控机制;对水资源相对稀缺的跨境流域,通过实施虚拟水贸易战略促进“共享”;排除外界干扰,主张建立独立、权威的跨境水资源协调机构。     

网络环境下高校图书馆的期刊管理

网络环境下高校图书馆期刊的载体类型、管理模式、服务方式都发生了根本性的变化,针对当前高校图书馆期刊管理工作中存在的资源配置、管理和服务等问题,提出网络环境下高校图书馆应合理配置各种载体类型资源,转变管理观念和服务模式,以提高期刊管理水平和使用效益。     

生化池中不同粒径细微沙的悬浮特性

进入生化池的沙粒受粒径影响,或沉积或悬浮在生化池,粒径≤73 μm的细微沙容易悬浮在污泥混合液中,导致活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)(生物有机质所占的比例)下降. 以粒径≤73 μm的沙粒为对象,研究生化池中不同粒径细微沙对活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)的影响,探讨细微沙的可悬浮性和悬浮态势,揭示细微沙对污泥活性的影响,以期为污水厂的运行管理提供理论基础. 通过显微观察发现,粒径>33 μm的细微沙不易被活性污泥卷捕,呈自由悬浮态势;粒径≤33 μm的细微沙容易被活性污泥絮体卷捕,呈卷捕附着态势. 细微沙粒径越小,悬浮比(悬浮在污泥混合液中的细微沙占生化池进水中细微沙总量的比例)越大,活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)越低,悬浮比与细微沙粒径呈显著线性相关(y=0.996-0.010x),活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)与悬浮比相关性显著〔y=2.84/(12.27x+3.06)〕. 研究显示,细微沙不影响污泥中微生物的活性,污水厂可结合活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)调控ρ(MLSS),保证ρ(MLVSS)的稳定,有利于实现污水处理系统的稳定运行.      

Kin composition effects on reproductive competition among queenless honeybee workers

Kin selection and inclusive fitness theories predict that, in hopeless queenless (QL) groups, competition or cooperation will occur over male production among workers of different patrilines. Competition is expected to involve mutual inhibition of reproduction and to affect fertility advertisement. To examine kin effect on these phenomena, we studied QL groups of honeybee workers comprising three types of kin structure: groups composed of pure single patrilines, groups composed of three mixed patrilines (all originating from colonies headed by single-drone-inseminated queens), and control groups composed of bees originating from naturally mated queens. Global assessment of ovarian development, irrespective of patriline composition, revealed no differences among group types. In contrast, the performance of specific patrilines revealed that, in the three-mixed-patriline groups, some patrilines were reproductively suppressed compared to their performance when reared as a pure single patriline, resulting in an uneven share of reproduction. Analysis of the fertility signal produced by Dufour's gland revealed kin composition effects, which may reflect the bees' competitive efforts. Although patriline effects on worker reproductive superiority have been shown in QL colonies, we were able to investigate specific patriline performance both in competitive and noncompetitive situations here for the first time. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reproductive and pheromonal competitions in QL groups are affected by the number of subfamilies populating a colony and that these act as coalitions. The results also emphasize that within-colony heterogeneity, in the form of multiple patrilines, has far-reaching consequences on social evolution.     

Degeneration of sperm reservoir and the loss of mating ability in worker ants

Workers never mate in the large majority of ants, and they have usually lost the spermatheca, an organ specialized for long-term storage of sperm. Such ‘non-sexual’ workers are restricted to laying unfertilized eggs that give rise to males, and they cannot compete with the queens for the production of female offspring. In sharp contrast, workers in 200–300 species from phylogenetically basal subfamilies can reproduce sexually (‘gamergates’) because they retain a functional spermatheca like the queens. Importantly, ‘non-sexual’ workers in closely related species have a vestigial spermatheca. In this study, we compared the reservoir epithelium of ‘sexual’ workers to that of congeneric queens and ‘non-sexual’ workers using 21 species of Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae and Ectatomminae. We show that a pronounced thickening of the epithelium near the opening of the sperm duct is strictly associated with sexual reproduction in both castes. This is unlike ‘non-sexual’ workers in which this epithelium is always very thin, with few organelles; but all other structures remain intact. We discuss this evolutionary degeneration of the spermatheca and how it relates to behavioural or physiological modifications linked to mating. Our results help understand the loss of sexual reproduction by ant workers, a critical step in the extreme specialization of their phenotype.     

城市生命线系统安全保障对策探析

针对我国城市生命线系统存在的抗灾能力弱、缺乏综合规划、缺乏相应的统筹应急体制和生命线系统安全保障的科技水平总体较低等诸多问题,提出城市生命线系统的安全应从注重规划、更新传统模式、加大基础设施投入和提高管理水平、完善应急体制等多种途径加以保障,构建完善的城市生命线系统安全保障体系,以提高我国城市整体安全性能和抗灾能力,从而实现城市安全和城市化同步发展。     

堆肥系统的通风控制方式

对堆肥系统的不同通风控制方式比较结果表明,强制通风静态垛系统宜采用通风速率变化的时间－温度反馈正压通风控制方式（控制堆体中心最高温度为６０℃）,密闭式堆肥系统宜采用Ｏ₂含量反馈的通风控制方式（保持堆料间Ｏ₂ 体积分数为１５％ ～２０％）． 在中国,堆肥系统采用时间控制和时间－温度反馈控制的通风方式比较经济和适宜．     

GEIA-STD-0009《系统设计、研制和制造可靠性大纲标准》分析

研究了GEIA-STD-0009《系统设计、研制和制造可靠性大纲标准》的制定背景,分析了该标准的制定过程,主要介绍了该标准4个可靠性目标及信息流,简述了每个目标的6个组成部分,详细阐述了13项规范性可靠性活动.     

Reproductive toxicity assessment of surface water of the Tai section of the Yangtze River, China by in vitro bioassays coupled with chemical analysis

Reproductive toxicity of organic extracts of the surface water from the Tai section of the Yangtze River was assessed by in vitro cytotoxity assays and selected persistent organic pollutants including PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were quantified by instrumental analysis. Eleven of the US EPA priority PAHs were detected. Individual PAHs were found to range from 0.7 to 20 ng/L. Concentrations of BaP did not exceed the national drinking water source quality standard of China. However, a 286-fold concentrated organic extract induced significant reproductive toxicity in adult male rats. The morphology of cells, MTT assay and LDH release assay were all affected by exposure to the organic extracts of water. The results of the reproductive toxicity indicated that PAHs posed the greatest risk of the chemicals studied. The compounds present in the water could be bioconcentrated and result in adverse effects.