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171.
Kin selection and inclusive fitness theories predict that, in hopeless queenless (QL) groups, competition or cooperation will occur over male production among workers of different patrilines. Competition is expected to involve mutual inhibition of reproduction and to affect fertility advertisement. To examine kin effect on these phenomena, we studied QL groups of honeybee workers comprising three types of kin structure: groups composed of pure single patrilines, groups composed of three mixed patrilines (all originating from colonies headed by single-drone-inseminated queens), and control groups composed of bees originating from naturally mated queens. Global assessment of ovarian development, irrespective of patriline composition, revealed no differences among group types. In contrast, the performance of specific patrilines revealed that, in the three-mixed-patriline groups, some patrilines were reproductively suppressed compared to their performance when reared as a pure single patriline, resulting in an uneven share of reproduction. Analysis of the fertility signal produced by Dufour's gland revealed kin composition effects, which may reflect the bees' competitive efforts. Although patriline effects on worker reproductive superiority have been shown in QL colonies, we were able to investigate specific patriline performance both in competitive and noncompetitive situations here for the first time. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reproductive and pheromonal competitions in QL groups are affected by the number of subfamilies populating a colony and that these act as coalitions. The results also emphasize that within-colony heterogeneity, in the form of multiple patrilines, has far-reaching consequences on social evolution. 相似文献
172.
Workers never mate in the large majority of ants, and they have usually lost the spermatheca, an organ specialized for long-term
storage of sperm. Such ‘non-sexual’ workers are restricted to laying unfertilized eggs that give rise to males, and they cannot
compete with the queens for the production of female offspring. In sharp contrast, workers in 200–300 species from phylogenetically
basal subfamilies can reproduce sexually (‘gamergates’) because they retain a functional spermatheca like the queens. Importantly,
‘non-sexual’ workers in closely related species have a vestigial spermatheca. In this study, we compared the reservoir epithelium
of ‘sexual’ workers to that of congeneric queens and ‘non-sexual’ workers using 21 species of Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae and
Ectatomminae. We show that a pronounced thickening of the epithelium near the opening of the sperm duct is strictly associated
with sexual reproduction in both castes. This is unlike ‘non-sexual’ workers in which this epithelium is always very thin,
with few organelles; but all other structures remain intact. We discuss this evolutionary degeneration of the spermatheca
and how it relates to behavioural or physiological modifications linked to mating. Our results help understand the loss of
sexual reproduction by ant workers, a critical step in the extreme specialization of their phenotype. 相似文献
173.
Dynamics of sperm transfer in the ant Leptothorax gredleri 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mating tactics differ remarkably between and within species of social Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) concerning, e.g., mating
frequencies, sperm competition, and the degree of male sperm limitation. Although social Hymenoptera might, therefore, potentially
be ideal model systems for testing sexual selection theory, the dynamics of mating and sperm transfer have rarely been studied
in species other than social bees, and basic information needed to draw conclusions about possible sperm competition and female
choice is lacking. We investigated sperm transfer in the ant Leptothorax gredleri, a species in which female sexuals attract males by “female calling.” The analysis of 38 female sexuals fixed immediately
or up to 7 days after copulation with a single male each revealed that the sperm is transferred into the female bursa copulatrix
embedded in a gelatinous mass, presumably a spermatophore. Sperm cells rapidly start to migrate from the tip of the spermatophore
towards the spermatheca, but transfer is drastically slowed down by an extreme constriction of the spermathecal duct, through
which sperm cells have to pass virtually one by one. This results in the spermatheca being filled only between one and several
hours after mating. During this time, the posterior part of the spermatophore seals the junction between bursa copulatrix
and spermathecal duct and prevents sperm loss. The prolonged duration of sperm transfer might allow female sexuals to chose
between ejaculates and explain previously reported patterns of single paternity of the offspring of multiply mated queens.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
174.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS (Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately. 相似文献
175.
Wang X Wu J Hao Y Zhu B Shi W Hu G Han X Giesy JP Yu H 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2720-2725
Reproductive toxicity of organic extracts of the surface water from the Tai section of the Yangtze River was assessed by in vitro cytotoxity assays and selected persistent organic pollutants including PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were quantified by instrumental analysis. Eleven of the US EPA priority PAHs were detected. Individual PAHs were found to range from 0.7 to 20 ng/L. Concentrations of BaP did not exceed the national drinking water source quality standard of China. However, a 286-fold concentrated organic extract induced significant reproductive toxicity in adult male rats. The morphology of cells, MTT assay and LDH release assay were all affected by exposure to the organic extracts of water. The results of the reproductive toxicity indicated that PAHs posed the greatest risk of the chemicals studied. The compounds present in the water could be bioconcentrated and result in adverse effects. 相似文献