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21.
Pheromone-based female mate choice and its effect on reproductive investment in a spitting spider 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Teck Hui Koh Wee Khee Seah Laura-Marie Y. L. Yap Daiqin Li 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(6):923-930
Numerous studies have focused on whether organisms can signal or perceive pheromones and use chemical signals in species and
mate recognition. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies investigating whether pheromones are used in mate
choice. Yet, little attention has been paid in exploring the effects of pheromone-based mate choice on reproductive investment.
We first tested this hypothesis by providing virgin Scytodes sp. females with a choice between two virgin males in the presence of chemical signals alone and found strong evidence of
an odor-based mate preference. We then examined the consequences of the odor-based mate choice by allowing female Scytodes sp. that had previously made an odor-only mate choice to mate with preferred and non-preferred males, respectively. We measured
the success of copulation, mortality of male, pre-oviposition interval, egg-sac weight, egg weight, fecundity, fertility,
embryonic period, and size of offspring at hatching. Females that mated with the preferred males produced significantly heavier
egg sacs that contained more and larger eggs with a greater fertility. Significantly more non-preferred males than preferred
males were killed by spitting. However, pre-oviposition interval, embryonic period, and hatchling size were not affected by
female mate choice. This study is the first to demonstrate that female spiders are able to regulate their highly valuable
reproductive investment based solely on chemical signals. 相似文献
22.
In mammalian polygynous mating systems, male reproductive effort consists mainly of male–male competition and courting of
females, which entail substantial somatic costs. Males are thus expected to adjust their reproductive effort according to
their age and condition. In this study, we examined how activity budgets of male mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), a polygynous ungulate, varied with age in a marked population over two periods: (1) summers 1995–2006 and (2) ruts 2004–2006.
We then assessed if the proportions of time spent in male–male competition and courtship behaviors were influenced by age-specific
body mass and social rank during the rut. Males spent most of their time foraging and resting during summer, and rested more
and foraged less with increasing age. During the rut, pronounced shifts in activity budgets occurred as juveniles (1–2 years)
increased time spent foraging, whereas adults (≥3 years) increased standing and time spent in social interactions at the expense
of foraging. At old age, reproductive effort either stabilized or decreased slightly, providing weak support for the ‘mating
strategy–effort’ hypothesis, predicting that courtship behaviors should peak in prime-aged males. Age-specific body mass did
not affect time spent in male–male competition, but was positively related with time spent in courtship behaviors, providing
support for the ‘individual quality’ hypothesis, predicting that males with more resources at the start of the rut should
spend more time in mating-related activities. Age-specific social rank did not affect reproductive effort. Surviving to prime
age while increasing mass each year should thus allow male ungulates to gain greater ability to court estrus females. 相似文献
23.
Thousands of mammals are killed annually from vehicle collisions, making the issue an important one for conservation biologists
and environmental managers. We recorded all readily identifiable kills on or immediately adjacent to roads in the southern
Great Plains from March 2004–March 2007. We also recorded distance traveled, whether a road was paved or divided, the number
of lanes, and prevailing habitat. Surveys were opportunistic and were conducted by car during conditions of good visibility.
Over our 239 surveys and >16,500 km traveled, we recorded 1412 roadkills from 18 different mammal species (size ranged from
Sciurus squirrels to the white-tailed deer, Odocolieus virginianus). The overall kill rate was 8.50 / 100 km. Four species were prone to collisions: the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), and northern raccoon (Procyon lotor). Together they accounted for approximately 85% (1198) of all roadkills. Mortality rate differed significantly between 2-
and 4-lane roads (8.39 versus 7.79 / 100 km). Kill rates were significantly higher on paved versus unpaved roads (8.60 versus
3.65 / 100 km), but did not depend on whether a road was divided. Roadkills were higher in spring than in fall (1.5×), winter
(1.4×), or summer (1.3×). The spring peak (in kills / 100 km) was driven chiefly by the armadillo (2.76 in spring/summer versus
0.73 in autumn/winter) and opossum (2.65 versus 1.47). By contrast, seasonality was dampened by a late winter/early spring
peak in skunk mortalities, for which 41% occurred in the 6-week period of mid-February through March. The raccoon did not
exhibit a strong seasonal pattern. Our data are consistent with dispersal patterns of these species. Our results underscore
the high rate of highway mortality in the southern plains, as well as differences in seasonality and road type that contribute
to mortality. Conservation and management efforts should focus on creating underpasses or using other means to reduce roadkill
rates. 相似文献
24.
Social and mating system of cooperatively breeding laughing kookaburras (Dacelo novaeguineae) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
DNA fingerprinting was combined with field observations over four breeding seasons to investigate the social structure and
mating system of the laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae). Groups comprised a socially dominant pair and up to six helpers of either sex. Helpers were always recruited from young
hatched in the group. Territorial inheritance, which is a feature of other cooperative breeders and an oft-cited benefit of
philopatry, did not occur. Helpers only attained dominant status in an established group by dispersing into a vacant dominant
position in that group. However, helpers could also form new groups by excising a new territory, often through a ”budding”
process. The mating system was overwhelmingly monogamous. There were no cases of extra-group parentage in a sample of 140
nestlings; within groups of three or more birds, dominance predicted parentage almost perfectly (99.2% of 129 nestlings),
irrespective of whether helpers in the group were related to one or both dominant birds. This is contrary to predictions from
models of reproductive skew, possibly because they currently fail to incorporate the willingness of females to share reproduction
among males.
Received: 15 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 2 November 1999 / Accepted: 6 November 1999 相似文献
25.
Aggression and resource sharing among foundresses in the social wasp Polistes dominulus: testing transactional theories of conflict 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Tug-of-war models of within-group conflict predict that the frequency of conflict will be positively related to the degree
of reproductive sharing within the group; in contrast, a negative relationship supports transactional models, in which reproductive
payments among group members limit the degree of within-group selfishness. We tested predictions of the tug-of-war and transactional
models by examining cofoundress interactions during the founding (preworker) phase of colony development in 30 naturally nesting
colonies of the paper wasp Polistes dominulus. We found that the mean rate of foundress aggression and the mean probability of food sharing were significantly negatively
associated, which supports the prediction of the transactional, not the tug-of-war model. Further, cofoundress aggression
significantly increased over the founding phase (independently of temperature), while the fraction of aggression initiated
by the dominant (alpha) foundress significantly decreased over this period. We show that both of these results are predicted
by the transactional model of within-group conflict. Interestingly, the alpha’s rate of aggression was significantly positively
temperature dependent, while the beta’s was not. This indicates that the alpha’s aggression level may often be near her physiological
maximum, while the beta’s aggression is limi- ted by other factors, contradicting the prediction of the tug-of-war model.
Moreover, the alpha’s aggression was significantly positively temperature dependent only in the second half of the founding
period, as predicted by the transactional model since this is when there is least reproductive sharing. Finally, our results
indicate that the alpha’s level of aggression depends on the resources controlled by the beta.
Received: 18 January 2000 / Revised: 19 June 2000 / Accepted: 24 June 2000 相似文献
26.
Male willow warblers have song repertoires which vary in complexity along several dimensions. We examined whether female choice,
as measured by date of pairing, was based on these song characteristics in 4 different years. Pairing date was negatively
correlated with song repertoire size in 1 year, and with song versatility in another year, but there was no consistent effect
of any song characteristic on pairing throughout the years or in the pooled sample. The variable that best explained how soon
a male pairs is male arrival date (only males that had settled territories before the first female arrived were considered
in the analysis). This correlation is consistently significant in all years. This is most parsimoniously interpreted as females
choosing some habitat characteristic in the same way that males do. A small percentage of males (8.3%) attracted and paired
with a second female. The likelihood of becoming polygynous was not explained by any measured song characteristic, but it
was related to arrival date: early males were more likely to pair with two females. Males with large repertoires fledged more
young in their primary nests, and there was a trend for the offspring of these males to have a greater probability of being
recruited into the population. In conclusion, the results show that in most years there is no sexual selection by female preference
on song characteristics, although the data on reproductive success is consistent with the idea of repertoire size being an
indicator of male quality.
Received: 4 June 1999 / Received in revised form: 1 December 1999 / Accepted: 31 December 1999 相似文献
27.
T. Lubjuhn Wolfgang Winkel Jörg Thomas Epplen Jörg Brün 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(1):12-17
One of the most interesting aspects of the mating system of pied flycatchers is the regular occurrence of polygyny. Here we
present data on the reproductive success of polygynously paired pied flycatcher males compared to monogamous males based on
paternity analyses through DNA fingerprinting. Males paired with two females suffered a higher loss in reproductive output
per female compared to monogamous males due to (1) a greater proportion of unhatched eggs in their broods, (2) greater nestling
mortality and (3) a greater probability of being cuckolded. Nevertheless, the number of fledglings was significantly greater
for polygynous males. Based on the number of nestlings that returned for subsequent breeding seasons, however, the reproductive
success of monogamous and polygynous males did not differ significantly. These data raise the question as to why males attempt
polygyny.
Received: 16 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000 相似文献
28.
T. R. Pope 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(4):253-267
Evaluation of evolutionary mechanisms proposed to promote cooperative behavior depends on the relative influence of the behavior
on the reproductive success of individuals, the reproductive success of the group in which they interact behaviorally, and
the degree of gene correlation among cooperators. The genetic relationship within cooperative coalitions of female red howler
monkeys was examined for three populations with different densities and growth rates. Patterns of gene correlation change
within coalitions is documented using data from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, and long-term census monitoring. Differences
in fecundity and infant survivorship within and between groups of unrelated (rˉ=0) and related (rˉ≥ 0.25) females are compared. Females that emigrate from their natal groups form coalitions with other migrant females. These
coalitions attempt to establish a territory and, once successful in producing offspring, exclude other females from feeding
resources. Females in these coalitions had different mtDNA haplotypes and a genetically estimated mean r of 0, supporting demographic data on emigration patterns indicating that these females rarely have the opportunity to form
coalitions with kin. Patterns of recruitment and rate of matriline development within social groups supported behavioral data
indicating that females actively attempt to promote their own matriline as breeders over that of other females, and that some
matrilines are more successful at this than others. Mean r among females was significantly higher in coalitions established as social groups for several generations (rˉ=0.44). In these groups, females all shared the same mtDNA haplotype, and mtDNA haplotype divergence was significantly higher
between than within groups. Females in coalitions with kin had significantly higher reproductive success than females in unrelated
coalitions in all populations. This difference was not a function of coalition size, number of males, socionomic sex ratio,
or primiparity, although anecdotal evidence suggests that allomothering may compensate for inept new mothers in related coalitions
more often than in unrelated ones. Differences in territory quality could not be ruled out as a potential causal factor in
the saturated populations, but were unlikely in the low-density, growing population. There were substantial differences among
long-established coalitions in overall reproductive output in all three populations, and this was significantly correlated
with the number of breeding females. Increase in coalition size was a function of both group age and the behavioral tolerance
among females. Regardless of the underlying reasons for the patterns observed, reproductive success clearly increases with
degree of gene correlation among females within cooperative coalitions, and coalitions that recruit more daughters produce
more offspring. The nature of the cooperative relationship among group females directly influences both of these outcomes.
This is associated with substantial genetic differentiation among social groups within populations, creating conditions in
which genetic tendencies towards cooperative behavior can become tightly associated with group reproductive success.
Received: 15 September 1999 / Revised: 27 April 2000 / Accepted: 27 May 2000 相似文献
29.
Mating patterns and reproductive success in the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), as revealed by DNA fingerprinting 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The mating patterns and reproductive success of the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) were investigated over a 3-year period (1992–1994) using DNA fingerprinting. Paternity was determined by genetic analysis
of 58 juveniles of known maternity from 35 litters. Analysis of DNA fingerprints revealed that all offspring within a litter
were fathered by a single male; the statistical probability of detecting multiple males mating with a female was high, indicating
that multiple paternity would have been detected had it occurred. However, individual males did not father more than one litter
from a given female either within or between years. At least 75% of females and 57% of males successfully produced offspring
each year. The finding that all littermates are first-order relatives may contribute to the high level of female cooperation
in this species.
Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 22 March 1998 相似文献
30.
Karen J. Nutt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(11):1651-1663
Current mating system theory predicts that the number of females breeding in a group will depend on the number of females
in the group and the accessibility of unrelated males, whereas the number of males breeding in a group will depend on the
ability of males to control access to reproductive females. By combining information on group composition with genetic data,
I determined whether breeding patterns in a rock-dwelling rodent, Ctenodactylus gundi, were concordant with these expectations. C. gundi breeding patterns varied from facultative monogamy to uni-male polygyny to multi-male polygyny. The number of reproductive
individuals of each sex in a group increased with group size. Whereas communal breeding among related females tended to increase
female reproductive success, males breeding in the same group were unrelated to other group members and seemed to compete
over access to matings. While some males were assigned offspring from neighboring social groups, most group-living males successfully
monopolized the reproduction of females within their group. There was no evidence that females had multiply sired litters,
although some bred with alternative males in separate breeding attempts. Although numerous individuals were not assigned as
parents or offspring, genetic information enabled me to determine that most unassigned individuals were philopatric group
members, whereas only a few were unrelated immigrants into their current social group. Together, these results provide evidence
that C. gundi social groups represent fairly distinct reproductive units whose breeding patterns are dependent on group size and composition
in accordance with theoretical predictions.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献