重庆南山表层岩溶泉与地下河三氮运移及氮通量估算

岩溶区特殊的地质构造使地下水系统存在多重水流.为研究三氮在表层岩溶带水流和地下河水流中的特征和运移方式,选取城市化进程中的重庆南山老龙洞地下河流域表层岩溶泉和地下河按月采样,分析水化学特征,结合SPSS的相关性分析,认为两种水流三氮特征差异很大.表层岩溶泉三氮质量浓度月变化小,受降水、污水影响较小,NO_3~--NNH_4~+-N;地下河水三氮质量浓度月变化大,受降水、污水影响较大,旱季NH_4~+-NNO_3~--N,雨季NO_3~--NNH_4~+-N.表层岩溶泉DIN主要来源于与农业活动有关的非点源污染,在土壤、表层岩溶带中经氨化、吸附、硝化作用等过程以扩散流形式运移至出露地表.地下河DIN随管道流、扩散流运移,并以管道流为主.DIN全年有点源的工业、生活污染物经落水洞、裂隙、溶隙进入.雨季同时存在占更大比例的非点源污染物,或由降雨产生的表面坡流、壤中流、表层岩溶带水流经落水洞进入,或经深裂隙、溶隙下渗进入,硝化作用明显.流域DIN输出通量为56.05 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N分别占46.03%、52.51%;根据径流分割法估算出点源污染、非点源污染的贡献率分别为25.08%、74.92%.     

新冠肺炎疫情期间铁路客运职工心理影响调查

选取某铁路局集团公司客运系统人员为研究对象,调查新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对铁路客运职工的心理影响情况,以调查问卷的方式收集社会人口学数据、工作情况、疫情认知和行为改变、广泛性焦虑自评量表(GAD-7)、患者健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、事件影响量表修订版(IES-R)。采用单因素和多重线性回归分析其影响因素,结果显示,客运人员PHQ-9评分为6.34±6.730分,GAD-7评分为4.68±5.462分,IES-R评分为20.57±19.140分;多重线性回归结果表明年龄、夜班频率、焦虑、抑郁为IES-R总分的影响因素。客运人员有轻度的焦虑、抑郁;年龄、夜班频率、焦虑、抑郁均会加大客运系统人员对新冠肺炎疫情的应激反应程度;相关部门应关注职工心理健康状况,改善焦虑和抑郁状态。     

Comparative trends and seasonal variation of ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs at two altitude sites in the central part of France

The atmospheric concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, and ⁷Be were measured over a three-year period at two research stations located less than 12 km apart and at different altitudes (puy de Dôme, 1465 m a.s.l. and Opme, 660 m a.s.l., France). Seasonal trends in all radionuclides were observed at both stations, with high concentration measured during the summer and low concentrations during the winter. The ²¹⁰Pb concentrations at both stations were similar to each other. Higher concentrations of both ⁷Be and ¹³⁷Cs were measured at puy de Dôme than at Opme. These observations can be explained by the stratospheric and upper tropospheric sources of ⁷Be and the long-range transportation of ¹³⁷Cs at high altitudes. Air mass origins during sampling periods were classified into several groups by their route to the stations (marine, marine modified, continental and mediterranean). We observed that ⁷Be concentrations were constant regardless of the air mass origins, unlike ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb concentrations that increased when influenced by continental air masses. Higher ⁷Be concentrations were observed when air masses were arriving from the upper troposphere than from the boundary layer, the opposite was observed for ¹³⁷Cs. The temporal trend in concentrations of ⁷Be shows good agreement with previous modelling studies suggesting that there is a good understanding of its sources and the atmospheric vertical mixing of this radionuclide. The sources and mixing of ²¹⁰Pb, however, seem to be more complex than it appeared to be in previous modelling studies.     

流域生态用水分配的协调性评价研究

流域生态用水分配的合理性来源于生态需水的自身满意度和流域子系统生态用水的协调性，因而评价流域生态用水分配的协调性非常必要。本文应用整体分析法，基于最大概率乘积定理和“木桶法则”，构造了流域生态用水分配系统的协调性评价模型，分析了各子系统生态用水分配的合理度，完善了流域生态用水分配合理性的评价内容和方法。以黄淮海流域为例，得到黄淮海流域生态用水分配协调度分别为O．9307．0．9603．0．8099．均小于协调度为0．996的一般标准，故其协调度都比较低，而流域之间的差异源于子系统生态需水自身满意度的差异程度不同。考虑这种用水协调性。流域生态用水系统的合理性程度在生态需水自身满意度的基础上各有不同程度的降低。利用该模型还可以对未来生态用水分配合理性进行评价．获得最佳分配方案，以获得最大的生态经济效益。     

北京及周边地区夏季大气颗粒物区域污染特征

本地排放和区域传输共同影响着北京及周边地区的空气质量.2007年8月在北京清华大学、密云水库、河北任丘和内蒙古商都采集颗粒物样品并获得了PM_2.5质量浓度和TSP中22种无机元素的时空分布特征. 4个观测点PM_2.5质量浓度高低顺序为任丘>清华>密云>商都.二次污染元素S和一次污染元素Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Sb、Ni、Cd、In、Se在任丘的PM中含量最高,表明该观测点受人为源影响最为显著,其较弱的日变化幅度表明高浓度PM主要由本地源贡献;商都地区污染元素浓度随时间变化波动最为剧烈,受气象条件导致的传输影响较大;清华和密云的S、Pb、Cd、In、As、Zn的相关系数均大于0.70,其来源具有一定相似性;在锯齿型污染过程的开始和结束,密云各元素浓度值达到和区域背景点商都观测期间最低值相近的水平,表明密云可以表征西北洁净空气的区域特征; PM峰值阶段,整个地区高浓度硫酸盐的均匀分布（约10 μg/m³）证实了锯齿型区域污染的二次性本质.结合元素富集因子的不同分布特征讨论了各地区PM的可能来源及相互影响     

自然沟渠控制村镇降雨径流中氮磷污染的主要作用机制

以四川盆地紫色丘陵区林山村镇为例,分析降雨径流过程中氮磷在自然沟渠内的空间变化特征和不同控制机制的净化能力,研究了自然沟渠控制村镇降雨径流中氮磷的主要作用机制.研究结果表明,除NO3--N浓度在沿程上呈先减后增而后再减的趋势外,其它氮磷污染物(TN、PN、NH4+-N、TP、PP和PO43-·P)均为沿程递减趋势.溶解态氮是降雨径流氮素在空间沿程上的主要迁移形态,溶解态磷是流量限制型事件降雨径流磷紊空间沿程的主要迁移形态,而颗粒态磷是物质限制型事件降雨径流磷素空间沿程的主要迁移形态.泥沙截控固持是自然沟渠控制降雨径流氮磷污染的主要作用机制,有效降低径流中颗粒物浓度和拦截泥沙是控制降雨径流氮磷污染的关键.沉降段和沉沙凼具有明显的泥沙及颗粒态氮磷截控固持作用,可较好地去除村镇降雨径流中的氮磷颗粒态污染物,平均氮磷去除量分别为144.51、65.20 g·m-2(平均雨量37.85mm).植物吸收是植被段氮磷去除的重要途径,在雨季共吸收氮磷分别可达82.69、12.52 g·m-2.跌落曝氧也是降雨径流氮磷污染控制的重要作用机制,跌落段对NH4+-N的平均去除负荷为15.05 g·m-2.     

Dynamic analysis of a one-prey multi-predator impulsive system with Ivlev-type functional

Considering the Ivlev-type functional response, we develop and analyze a class of one-prey multi-predator system with impulsive effect at different fixed times. Some sufficient conditions ensuring the prey to be extinct are obtained via the Floquent theory and small amplitude perturbation skill. Using the method of comparison involving multiple Laypunov functions, we derive some conditions for the permanence of the system. Numerical simulations of the impulsive system exhibit the rich complex dynamics for the key parameters, such as symmetry-breaking pitchfork bifurcation, periodic doubling bifurcation, chaos, periodic halving cascade and crisis.     

定子叶片数对泵喷推进器空化性能的影响

目的 在改善泵喷推进器(泵喷)水动力性能的同时,兼顾其空化性能。方法 以某前置泵喷为原型,采用基于密度修正的RNG k-ε双方程湍流模型,结合Zwart空化方程,数值研究定子叶片数(Ns= 6~10)对空化性能的影响。结果 泵喷空化主要为叶梢涡空化和叶片表面的片状空化,而时–频空化曲线与叶片数目有关,其中单转子表面空化与定子数目相关,而总空化面积与转–定子影响有关。结论 增加定子叶片数虽然提高了泵喷推力和扭矩,但转子叶片及叶梢负荷增加,使空化范围大幅度增加。最终Ns从6增加到10时,总空化体积涨幅超过5倍。分析空化流动中的涡量输运方程发现,膨胀收缩项在空化演化占主导作用,并且随着定子叶数的增加而增大。     

20世纪80年代以来洪湖流域营养物质输移模拟研究

选择位于长江中游的洪湖流域作为研究对象，应用流域分布式水文模型SWAT，探讨现代农业条件下流域面源营养盐输移的规律。模拟时段选择为1983～2002年。模拟的边界条件设置为自然地形、土壤、现代农业生产及土地利用方式，其中土壤资料包括营养盐（N和P）、有机质含量、粒径等理化参数。径流量与营养盐输出模拟结果与实测值有较好的吻合程度，可以通过置信度95％的显著性检验。模拟结果显示，现代农业条件下流域营养盐输出，TN和TP浓度变化有明显的季节特征，体现了区域耕作方式、径流对营养盐输出浓度的影响。模拟时段内营养盐输出浓度呈明显增长趋势，体现了农药化肥的施用对流域营养盐输移的影响。     

Simulation of solute transport across low-permeability barrier walls

Low-permeability, non-reactive barrier walls are often used to contain contaminants in an aquifer. Rates of solute transport through such barriers are typically many orders of magnitude slower than rates through the aquifer. Nevertheless, the success of remedial actions may be sensitive to these low rates of transport. Two numerical simulation methods for representing low-permeability barriers in a finite-difference groundwater-flow and transport model were tested. In the first method, the hydraulic properties of the barrier were represented directly on grid cells and in the second method, the intercell hydraulic-conductance values were adjusted to approximate the reduction in horizontal flow, allowing use of a coarser and computationally efficient grid. The alternative methods were tested and evaluated on the basis of hypothetical test problems and a field case involving tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contamination at a Superfund site in New Hampshire. For all cases, advective transport across the barrier was negligible, but preexisting numerical approaches to calculate dispersion yielded dispersive fluxes that were greater than expected. A transport model (MODFLOW-GWT) was modified to (1) allow different dispersive and diffusive properties to be assigned to the barrier than the adjacent aquifer and (2) more accurately calculate dispersion from concentration gradients and solute fluxes near barriers. The new approach yields reasonable and accurate concentrations for the test cases.