EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF SOURCE BASINS ON DOWNSTREAM WATER QUALITY IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Chemical variability in the Mississippi River during water years 1989 to 1998 was evaluated using stream discharge and water‐quality data in conjunction with the DAFLOW/BLTM hydraulic model. Model simulations were used to identify subbasin contributions of water and chemical constituents to the Mississippi River upstream from its confluence with the Ohio and the Mississippi River and at the Atchafalaya Diversion in Louisiana. Concentrations of dissolved solids, sodium, and sulfate at the Thebes site showed a general decreasing trend, and concentrations of silica and nitrate showed a general increasing trend as the percentage of discharge from the Mississippi River upstream from Grafton increased. Concentrations of most chemical constituents in the Mississippi River at the Atchafalaya Diversion exhibited a decreasing trend as the percentage of water from the Ohio River increased. Regression models were used to evaluate the importance of the source of water to the water chemistry in the Mississippi River at Thebes and the Atchafalaya Diversion. The addition of terms in regression equations to account for the percent of water from sub‐basins improved coefficients of determination for predicting chemical concentrations by as much as nine percent at the Thebes site and by as much as 48 percent at the Atchafalaya Diversion site. The addition of source‐water terms to regression equations increased the estimated annual loads of nitrate and silica delivered from the Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico by as much as 14 and 13 percent, respectively.     

长江水能资源开发中水库泥沙问题的探讨

长江水能资源规划开发段,从虎跳峡至葛洲坝诸梯级泥沙周转量5740×10~8t·km/a,水能蕴藏量5940×10~8kw·h/a,其中发电用水能约占2/3。长江各水库的库容,无论是与年径流量还是与年输沙量相比,大都不大。水库泥沙淤积问题,可通过多种途径解决。99%的悬移质泥沙可利用长江动力输送。合理利用水库,输沙单位能耗约为0.48-0.10kW·h/t·km,从上往下减少。卵石和部分粗沙由机械采运和水库拦截。要重视水土保持。     

SEDIMENT DISPERSION IN SALMON SPAWNING STREAMS: THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODS AND SALMON REDD CONSTRUCTION1

ABSTRACT: Magnetically tagged particles were used to investigate the effects of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and floods on the dispersion of coarse bed material in the Stuart‐Takla region, British Columbia, Canada. The dominant annual sediment transporting event in the channels is the snowmelt flood events, with lesser activity usually accomplished during summer floods. Annually in August, the channel bed material is reworked by the Early Stuart sockeye salmon spawning, as the fish excavate the streambed to deposit and bury their eggs. These nesting cavities are called redds. Results from 67 tracer recovery experiments over five years were highly variable, subject to the magnitude of floods and the returning population of salmon. Overall, the depositional pattern from nival flood events usually demonstrated a high degree of clast mobilization, long travel distances (up to 150 m), and mean depths of burial up to 18 cm. Summer flood events showed somewhat lower rates of mobilization, distances of travel, and depths of burial. Although the fish did not move the tracers very far, their effect on the bed was generally quite pervasive ‐ up to 100 percent of the clasts were mobilized, and the depth of burial was considerable (mean burial depths up to 14 cm). The amount of vertical mixing of sediment by salmon was often on the same order of magnitude as flood events. The significant vertical mixing of sediments by the fish has important implications for the mobility of sediment in the stream. Since any armoring layer formed during high flows throughout the year is subject to the bioturbation of salmon, this suggests that the transport threshold in the creeks remains relatively low. Salmon likely play an integral role in the sediment transport dynamics and annual sediment budget of the lower reaches of these creeks.     

岸滩侵蚀的环境工程观念

本文从环境工程的角度讨论了岸滩侵蚀问题中建立分析模型的基本框架.讨论了岸滩岩土介质在风浪潮作用下,根据不同的侵蚀准则所建立的岸滩沉积物在近海迁移和传输的模型.得出了岸滩的侵蚀、演变过程由三相组成的结论,第一相是与饱和多孔介质经受动力载荷变形和损伤相联系的固态相;第二相是关于介质侵蚀和剥离的流-固态混合相;第三相是流动和沉积物运输的流体相.从分析讨论还可以看出,岸滩侵蚀演化的模拟分析可在岸滩介质的动力固结、悬浮介质扩散漂移及海浪流体动力学理论相互交叉的基础上,针对海岸环境工程问题中的观念和现象来建模并完成.研究表明,在分析海滩侵蚀和海岸演化过程的机理时,采用海洋环境工程学中的相关方法可以得到更符合实际状况的结果.用损伤力学方法建摸研究岸滩介质的侵蚀和沙化过程,可以将海岸沉积物的迁移速率描述为海床面上的等效摩擦剪应力、损伤状态、侵蚀参数及介质的孔隙冲蚀率的函数.在岸滩侵蚀和演化机理研究中将海岸沉积物的纵向迁移和横向迁移理论相结合的模型有一定的优越性,这为岸滩侵蚀与海岸演变提供了定量的分析方法.     

COMPARISON OF 1-D AND 2-D MODELING OF OVERLAND RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT1

ABSTRACT: One-dimensional and two-dimensional modeling approaches were compared for their abilities in predicting overland runoff and sediment transport. Both 1-D and 2-D models were developed to test the hypothesis that the 2-D modeling approach could improve the model predictions over the 1-P approach, based on the same mathematical representations of physical processes for runoff and sediment transport. The models developed in this study were applied to overland areas with cross slopes. A hypothetical case and an experimental study reported by Storm (1991) were used. Based on the simulation results from the selected hypothetical case and experimental study, the 2-D model provided better representation of spatial distribution of flow depths and sediment concentrations than the 1-D model. However, no significant differences in predictions of total runoff volume and sediment yield at the outlet area were found between the 1-D and 2-D models.     

攀西-六盘水地区的交通建设

交通运输是加快攀西-六盘水地区优势资源开发的先决条件。为适应能源和原材料生产基地的建设,本文提出了攀西-六盘水地区在交通运输建设上要以铁路为主动脉,现代化的高等级公路作骨架,充分发挥长江黄金水道的作用,建设一个铁、公、水、空、管等不同运输方式协调发展的综合运输网,形成内通外达、客货畅流的立体型交通运输体系,并提出了该区近期建设的重点项目。     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STREAMBED SEDIMENT IN THE UPPER ILLINOIS RWER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Geochemistry of fine-fraction streambed sediments collected from the upper illinois River basin was surveyed in the fall of 1987 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment pilot projects. The survey included 567 samples analyzed for 46 elements. Three distinctive distribution patterns were found for seven U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants surveyed, as well as for boron and phosphorus: (1) enrichment of elements in the Chicago urban area and in streams draining the urban area relative to rural areas, (2) enrichment in main stems relative to tributaries, and (3) enrichment in low-order streams at high-population-density sites relative to low-population-density sites. Significant differences in background concentrations, as measured by samples from low-order streams, were observed among five subbasins in the study area. Uncertain geochemical correspondence between low-order, background sites and high-order, generally metal enriched sites prevented determination of background levels that would be appropriate for high-order sites. The within-sample ratio of enriched elements was variable within the Chicago area but was constant in the Illinois River downstream from Chicago. Element ratios imply a composite fine-fraction sediment in the Illinois River of 35–40 percent Des Plaines River origin and 60–65 percent Kankakee River origin.     

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT DURING A CONTROLLED RESERVOIR RELEASE1

The transport of bedload and suspended sediments and particulate organic matter was evaluated in Huntington Creek, Utah, during a controlled release of water from Electric Lake Reservoir from August 7–10, 1979. Effects of the release on channel geometry and riffle composition also were assessed. Bedload transport rates increased from zero to 1,650 and 1,500 kg/hr at two cross sections as discharge was increased from 0.4 to 4.9 m³/s; transport rates then decreased erratically as discharge was held constant. Cross section measurements and sediment size analysis indicate that flows were insufficient to transport riffle sediments. Rapid increases in the transport rates of suspended sediments and particulate organic matter also occurred during rising discharge and again decayed when discharge became constant. Suspended sediment concentrations for samples obtained with an automatic pumping sampler were generally less than those found for samples obtained with a DH-48 sampler. Biological measurements still are needed to determine if such a release can improve fisheries habitat by removing fine sediments.     

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF MULTICOMPONENT GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION PREDICTIONS1

ABSTRACT: Recent advances in mass transport modeling have made possible computation of the theoretical consequences of intricate multicomponent species interactions during ground water contamination events. Predictions such as strong chromatographic effects and induced downstream precipitations may have considerable impact on environmental analysis and regulation. Results of laboratory attempts to verify theoretical multicomponent transport predictions are discussed. Evidence presented here indicates that natural variability of soil properties make such verifications difficult. Although species interactions are easily confirmed, dramatic effects often exist only within small mathematical windows in strongly variable coefficient sets. Currently, the ability to generate multicomponent predictions apparently exceeds the ability to quantify the necessary, presumably deterministic, information required for real soils.