苯酚在饱水细砂土层中的迁移转化规律

本文研究苯酚在细砂土层中的迁移转化规律,包括静态吸附、降解及动态土柱实验三部分.实验结果用计算机进行线性拟合和参数估值.研究结果表明:细砂土对苯酚的吸附能力较差而降解能力较强;在好氧条件下,苯酚更易降解;水中存在的其它有机物在一定时间内会影响苯酚的降解,但随着微生物对苯酚逐渐适应,这种影响可被消除。     

人工粘土层在枯水期对小清河氧化塘底质水盐运动的抑制模拟研究

利用实验室土柱模拟装置对枯水条件下盐渍地区氧化塘不同底质土壤结构的水盐运移状况进行了定性模拟研究,结果表明,原底质均质白汤土输水能力较大,蒸发较易发生,因而带动盐分在塘底表面大量累积,维持该水盐运移的最大吸力值为１２０ｃｍ,而经人工改造后,表层有３０ｃｍ粘土覆盖的土壤层结构对水盐运移有强烈的抑制作用,在模拟３个月的蒸发时间内表面没有盐分累积。     

一维平流输送问题的欧拉-泰勒-伽辽金算法及数值试验

介绍了一维常系数平流输送问题的Euler-Taylor-Galerkin(ETG)算法?为获得精确的时间导数,该算法采用了包括二阶和三阶时间导数的前向泰勒级数展开,这些导数值可从空间控制微分方程求出?由此产生一般的时间分离方程?该方程采用标准的Bubnov-Galerkin有限元方法在空间离散化?在使用线性元(帽子函数)和Euler时间差分格式时,可获得精确的Taylor-Galerkin算法?当采用2步显示步骤时,算法为计算效率很高的显式?数值实验结果显示,ETG算法的误差很小,而相误差更可忽略不计,结果令人满意      

Frontier science and challenges on offshore carbon storage

● The main direct seal up carbon options and challenges are reviewed. ● Ocean-based CO₂ replacement for CH₄/oil exploitation is presented. ● Scale-advantage of offshore CCS hub is discussed. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is an imperative, strategic, and constitutive method to considerably reduce anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and alleviate climate change issues. The ocean is the largest active carbon bank and an essential energy source on the Earth’s surface. Compared to oceanic nature-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR), carbon capture from point sources with ocean storage is more appropriate for solving short-term climate change problems. This review focuses on the recent state-of-the-art developments in offshore carbon storage. It first discusses the current status and development prospects of CCS, associated with the challenges and uncertainties of oceanic nature-based CDR. The second section outlines the mechanisms, sites, advantages, and ecologic hazards of direct offshore CO₂ injection. The third section emphasizes the mechanisms, schemes, influencing factors, and recovery efficiency of ocean-based CO₂-CH₄ replacement and CO₂-enhanced oil recovery are reviewed. In addition, this review discusses the economic aspects of offshore CCS and the preponderance of offshore CCS hubs. Finally, the upsides, limitations, and prospects for further investigation of offshore CO₂ storage are presented.     

Heavy Metal Transport in the Hindon River Basin, India

Total mass transfers of heavy metal in dissolved and particulate form has been determined in the downstream section of river Hindon, an important tributary of river Yamuna (India). The contribution of different point sources to the river Hindon has also been assessed. The river Kali has the largest contribution to the river Hindon. The highest metal loads were related to the highest flow of the river and thereby increased both by surface runoff and sediment resuspension. The contribution of monsoon months to the total transported load was also calculated and it was observed that monsoon months contributes more than 40% of total loading annually for all the metals. The metal fluxes from the river Hindon were compared with other rivers of Indian sub-continent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.     

A Water Quality Monitoring Network Design Methodology for the Selection of Critical Sampling Points: Part I

The principal instrument to temporally and spatially manage water resources is a water quality monitoring network. However, to date in most cases, there is a clear absence of a concise strategy or methodology for designing monitoring networks, especially when deciding upon the placement of sampling stations. Since water quality monitoring networks can be quite costly, it is very important to properly design the monitoring network so that maximum information extraction can be accomplished, which in turn is vital when informing decision-makers. This paper presents the development of a methodology for identifying the critical sampling locations within a watershed. Hence, it embodies the spatial component in the design of a water quality monitoring network by designating the critical stream locations that should ideally be sampled. For illustration purposes, the methodology focuses on a single contaminant, namely total phosphorus, and is applicable to small, upland, predominantly agricultural-forested watersheds. It takes a number of hydrologic, topographic, soils, vegetative, and land use factors into account. In addition, it includes an economic as well as logistical component in order to approximate the number of sampling points required for a given budget and to only consider the logistically accessible stream reaches in the analysis, respectively. The methodology utilizes a geographic information system (GIS), hydrologic simulation model, and fuzzy logic.     

1980—2009年三峡库区空中水资源变化特征

利用1980—2009年三峡库区及周边15个气象探空站的高空资料,分析了三峡库区空中水资源的变化特征,结果表明:三峡库区上空整层水汽含量分布从东北到西南逐渐增加。三峡库区的水汽主要来自西南水汽输送,夏季西南风水汽输送强度最大。三峡库区上空水汽多以辐合为主,尤其在库区西北部和东南部的辐合特征更为明显。三峡库区的水汽主要从南边界流入,而主要从东边界流出。三峡库区各月的净水汽通量都为正值,呈单峰型变化,在7月达到最大值。近30 a,三峡库区净水汽通量经历了明显的先上升后下降的抛物线型年代际变化,春季和冬季的平均净水汽通量整体呈减少趋势,而夏季、 秋季和年平均的净水汽通量呈增加趋势。     

广州地区PBDEs长距离迁移潜力和总持久性模拟

运用TaPL3.0模型对7种PBDEs同系物在广州地区的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov)进行了模拟研究,并通过灵敏度分析得到了模型的关键参数.研究结果显示,PBDEs排放至大气中,特征迁移距离(CTD)为296~811km,均值为557km;Pov为19~279d,均值为184d;PBDEs平均约有73.8%分布在土壤中,16.9%分布在沉积物中,9.3%分布在其他三相中.PBDEs排放到水体时,CTD为3090~4291km,均值为3731km;Pov范围为228~854d,均值为731d;平均约92.1%分布在沉积物中,6.8%分布在水相中,1.1%在大气、土壤和植被相中.BDE47迁移潜力最大,BDE209易残留于源区形成点源性污染.PBDEs各同系物主要分布在沉积物和土壤中.随着溴代程度升高,CTD逐渐降低,Pov逐渐升高,与国外研究趋势一致.     

春运对广州火车站周边环境噪声的影响研究

在广州火车站及其周边不同功能区设8个监测点,利用AWA6291+A型噪声频谱分析仪测量了春运期间和非春运期间不同功能区的环境噪声水平.结果表明,春运对广州火车站及周边环境噪声影响较大;远离主要交通干道及火车站的小区和公园噪声比较低;测点的噪声值与其所处位置的交通流量和人为活动有关.