城市污水处理厂内分泌干扰物浓度分布和去除规律

采集南方某城市3个污水处理厂进出水及各工艺单元的水样,通过固相萃取-衍生化过程对水样进行预处理,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测水样中的17α-雌二醇(17α-E2)、雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌炔醇(EE2)、雌三醇(E3)、辛基酚(OP)、正壬基酚(NP)和双酚A(BPA)等8种内分泌干扰物(EDCs).连续4个季度的分析结果显示,3个污水厂进出水及各工艺单元中均有EDCs检出,EE2和BPA是含量最高的两种EDCs,出水中最高浓度分别达到498.9ng.L-1和2652.5ng.L-1,其他6种EDCs浓度均不超过100ng.L-1;生物处理工艺对EE2、E3、NP、OP和BPA有较高的去除率,平均去除率约为57%～85%,但对于E1、E2和17α-E2的去除率较低且不稳定;一级处理工艺对EDCs仅有低于18%的去除率;紫外辐照消毒工艺对EDCs的去除没有明显效果;EDCs浓度季节差异显著,由于雨水的稀释作用,旱季浓度约为雨季的2.5～7.8倍.本文对于了解我国南方地区污水处理工艺中EDCs类物质的分布和转化特点有一定的参考意义.     

电磁波加载回流污泥对A2O厌氧池功能的影响

基于电磁波加载污泥的生物效应和溶出效应,将A²O系统的回流污泥进行电磁波加载,以期从微生物群落结构变化角度考察其对系统中厌氧池功能的影响.结果表明,电磁波加载回流污泥后,污泥絮体分解,细胞破壁;回流污泥中C、N、P的溶出效应显著.与加载前对比,厌氧池中TP富集效果更明显,富集率由122.9%增至152.2%;TN、COD去除率分别由7.3%、58.8%上升为32.1%和65.4%.MiSeq焦磷酸测序分析表明,回流污泥经电磁波加载后,厌氧池微生物群落的丰度增加,但其微生物多样性降低.碳源得到补充,厌氧池中微生物的代谢活性明显提高,活菌数量增加.厌氧池中富集了Zoogloea、Tolumonas、Dechloromonas等菌属.     

O池溶解氧水平对石化废水A/O工艺污染物去除效果和污泥微生物群落的影响

以实际石化废水为处理对象,研究溶解氧浓度对A/O反应器生物降解特性的影响.A、B两组反应器平行运行以进行对比,O段的溶解氧浓度分别控制在2~3 mg·L-1和5~6 mg·L-1.反应器稳定运行近半年的结果表明:在HRT为20 h时,A组反应器出水的COD(72.5 mg·L-1±14.8 mg·L-1)略高于B组(68.7 mg·L-1±14.6 mg·L-1),COD平均去除率分别为67.0%和68.8%;出水氨氮的平均浓度和去除率为0.8 mg·L-1和95%左右.出水的BOD5均低于5 mg·L-1.表明A/O反应器对有机物的生物降解比较彻底,溶解氧浓度对其没有显著影响.对O段污泥进行454高通量测序结果表明:变形菌门、浮霉菌门和拟杆菌门细菌所占比例较高,在A、B组反应器中的比例分别为58.7%和59.2%、14.7%和12.7%以及10.8%和12.4%.高溶解氧运行的反应器B具有较高的菌群丰度和多样性,氨氧化菌Nitrosomonas、亚硝酸氧化菌Nitrospira和专性好氧菌如Planctomyces的比例较高.厌氧反硝化菌如Azospira和Acidovora在反应器A中的含量较高.在属的水平,鉴定出的Novosphingobium、Comamonas、Sphingobium和Altererythrobacter属细菌具有降解多环芳烃、氯代硝基苯、农药和石油化合物的功能,有利于石化废水的降解.     

基于平面波导型荧光免疫传感器的双酚A检测适用性研究

双酚A是一种环境内分泌干扰物,逐渐受到国内外广泛关注.平面波导型荧光免疫传感器可以对水样中存在的痕量双酚A进行快速高灵敏度检测.在最优检测条件下测得双酚A标准曲线的检出限为(0.04±0.007)μg·L-1,线性区间为0.16~22.40μg·L-1,半抑制浓度为(1.67±0.47)μg·L-1.加入0.5%的EDTA到样品溶液中可以削弱水体硬度的干扰,并在最优条件下测得4种实际水样的加标回收率在88%~111%之间,相对标准偏差小于15%,表明该方法可以运用于实际水样中双酚A的检测.     

FORMS OF NITROGEN (NO 3 - -N; NO 2 - -N AND NH 2 CONH 2 -N) AND THEIR RELATIONS TO A.O.U. IN THE INDIAN COASTAL WATERS OF ARABIAN SEA

The distribution of three important dissolved forms of nitrogen, viz. nitrate, nitrite and urea in the surface and bottom water samples collected from 27 selected hydrographic profiles, in the Arabian Sea, along the west coast of India is described. Of the three forms, nitrate concentrations were the highest and comparatively higher concentrations were observed in the bottom water. Decomposition of organic matter resulting in the release of the thermodynamically stable nitrogen species, i.e. nitrate, may be the major factor resulting in higher nitrate concentrations at these depths, where the water is also characterized by low values of dissolved oxygen and temperature. The significant positive correlation between A.O.U. and nitrate of the bottom water samples emphasizes the role of oxidative decomposition of organic matter which plays an active role in reducing the oxygen concentrations below the theoretical values since at this depth ( ≈200 m) the net production is taken to be zero. This is also evidenced by the negative correlation of nitrate with dissolved oxygen and temperature, for the bottom samples.     

The behavioral component in the meaning of places

How do people think about the physical setting in the world around them? Part of the answer to this question may be in terms of the behaviors that occur there. To explore people's knowledge of behavior—place associations, twenty places (shown via color photographs) were assessed in five ways: (a) ratings of the place's suitability for each of eleven behaviors, (b) ratings of the expected frequency of occurrence of the eleven behaviors, (c) free listings of reasons for going to each place, (d) free listings of activities-while-there and (e) free listings of activities associated with the place. Results showed that people can distinguish places on the basis of behaviors, that the behavioral component of place meaning is composed of distinct aspects, and that knowledge of behavior is related to a global, overall representation of a place.     

空调压缩机冷媒爆炸反应特征分析

冷媒与空气的反应特征对空调压缩机安全性有重要影响.本文采用最小自由能原理,分别对两种冷媒R407C和R410A与空气的混合气体的爆炸反应参数进行了数值计算,得到了不同初始压力和不同冷媒含量条件下,混合气体爆炸反应温度和压力,分析了混合气体反应压力条件和爆炸极限范围.结果表明:初始压力低于0.2 MPa时,R407C-空气混合气体和R410A-空气混合气体均不会发生爆炸;初始压力超过0.3 MPa时,混合气体能够发生爆炸,爆炸反应温度和压力随着初始压力的升高而升高;R407C和R410A质量分数分别在34%、35%左右,混合气体反应温度和压力达到最大值.R407C和R410A易燃易爆特征相近;但爆炸范围都比氟利昂(R22)气体宽,即同样的条件下更容易发生爆炸.该计算结果能够为新型冷媒R407C和R410A的安全使用提供一定的依据.     

Promotion of hexadecyltrimethyleamine bromide to the damage of Alexandrium sp. LC3 by cupric glutamate

The effect of hexadecyltrimethyleamine bromide （HDTMAB） on the removal of A lexandrium sp. LC3 under cupric glutamate stress was investigated. Toxic effect of cupric glutamate on A lexandrium sp. LC3 was significantly promoted in the presence of HDTMAB, especially at 3.0 cmc of HDTMAB. It was found that the sulfhydryl group content of the cell decreased, while the malonaldehyde content and membrane permeability increased when A lexandrium sp. LC3 was treated with HDTMAB and cupric glutamate complex, compared with cupric glutamate alone. The data suggest that HDTMAB might stimulate the damage of A lexandrium sp. LC3 by enhancing the membrane permeability.     

A/DAT-IAT生物膜法处理高含盐废水

以含盐量为60 000mg/L(以NaCl计)的模拟工业废水为研究对象,利用A/DAT-IAT生物膜反应器,研究A/DAT-IAT工艺对投加悬浮填料后高含盐废水的处理,并以CODCr、NH4 -N、PO43--P等作为指标评价处理效果.试验结果表明,在总水力停留时间(HRT)为13 h、pH=7,5、25℃条件下,进水ρ(CODCr)、ρ(NH4 -N)和ρ(PO43--P)分别为907.4～1 210.0 mg/L、86.2～99.7 mg/L和3.6～5.1 mg/L.CODCr、NH4 -N和PO43--P的平均去除率分别为73.9%、38.6%和93.5%,平均出水SS为198 mg/L,其中CODCr和PO43--P的去除效果较好.研究表明,A/DAT-IAT生物膜法较其他活性污泥法有了较大的提高.