Factors affecting the concentration of bisphenol A in leachates from solid waste disposal sites and its fate in treatment processes

 The concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) contained in landfill leachates from solid waste disposal sites were measured. The concentrations of BPA contained in leachates from industrial waste sites were in the range below the detection limit to 2800 μg/l, while those from municipal sites were in the range 26–8400 μg/l. The leachates from ash-rich sites contained relatively lower concentrations of BPA compared with organic-rich leachates. It is suggested that BPA concentration increases with time after the completion of reclamation in the case of ash-rich sites, whereas the concentration of BPA decreases with time in the case of organic-rich sites. A 7-year survey on a site in Japan showed neither a decrease nor an increase in the concentration of BPA during on-going reclamation. A leachate from a site in the Philippines contained high concentrations of BPA. A slight positive correlation was found between BPA concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC). A major portion of the BPA in leachates was found in dissolved and organic unassociated fractions, which cannot be precipitated by coagulation. More than 99.9% of the BPA contained in raw leachates was removed by a conventional series of treatment processes consisting of biological treatment, coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, and activated carbon adsorption. Received: May 29, 2002 / Accepted: October 17, 2002     

Methodological convergence as an issue within environmental cognition research

Two perspectives in the analysis of pointing and mapping tasks as the measure of representations of the large-scale environment are examined. These two perspectives are: (1) an individual difference approach; and (2) a cognitive representational approach. Convergence between methods assessing the same geographical/spatial knowledge is necessary as evidence for the existence of unified cognitive-spatial representations of the environment.Three sets of analyses interrelate performance on pointing and mapping tasks. In the first analysis, a confirmatory factor analytic model is applied to short tests of pointing and mapping accuracy to determine whether one or two factors are needed to account for covariation between the tests. In the second analysis, covariation among errors in pointing and mapping of specific locations is partitioned into general and specific method factors using the Schmid-Leiman procedure. In the third analysis, pointing errors for identical locations within the mapping and pointing tasks are directly compared on the basis of directional errors.The three analyses indicate that: (1) tests of pointing and mapping measure highly related abilities; (2) the targets used in pointing and mapping tasks are of differential importance in identifying general and specific method factors; and (3) there is little or no direct correspondence between directional errors made in pointing tasks and those occurring in mapping tasks for the same locations.When results of the three analyses are examined in relationship to criteria for convergence of pointing and mapping tasks, little evidence is found to suggest that directional errors in these tasks arise from a unified mental representation of the geographical environment. However, substantial predictable individual differences are apparent for both tasks.     

Measurement of inhibin A: a modification to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Inhibin A is a useful prenatal marker of Down syndrome. Currently, the available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for inhibin A are based upon the same paired monoclonal antibodies. In the present study we have confirmed for one of those ELISAs that short-term sample storage as whole blood leads to a significant decline in detectable inhibin A and that this is most likely due to erythrocyte catalase interference with a critical oxidation step in the assay. While this interference can be eliminated by heating the samples pre-assay, this process is labour intensive. In the present study we have demonstrated that the addition of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT), a catalase ‘suicide’ inhibitor, also prevents the decline of inhibin A levels in samples stored as whole blood. We suggest that the addition of AT to samples prior to assay is a simple modification to the inhibin A ELISA that affords optimum performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of isothermal adsorption and desorption of aluminum ion to/from humic acids

The adsorption and desorption characteristics of Al3+ to/from humic acids at di erent pH, ionic strength, and temperature were studied by the C-25 glucosan-gel chromatography method. The results showed that the maximum adsorption amount (Qmax) and adsorption constant (k) increased, whereas, the absolute value of standard thermodynamic molar free energy change ( G0 m) decreased with the increase of pH at constant ionic strength and temperature. With ionic strength increasing from 0 to 0.15 mol/L, Qmax and k increased and the absolute value of G0 m decreased at constant pH and temperature. High temperature was unfavorable for the adsorption reaction, as indicated by the dramatic decrease of Qmax and the absolute value of G0 m with an increase in temperature. The standard thermodynamic molar free energy change ( G0 m) and the standard thermodynamic enthalpy change ( H0m ) of the adsorption reaction were both negative, suggesting that adsorption reaction was spontaneous and exothermic. The desorption rate of HA-Al3+ complex accelerated with the decrease of pH, and a significant linear relationship could be obtained between pH and the desorption rates of Al3+ from humic acids. These results demonstrated that the Al3+ adsorption reaction was a “biphase” reaction, and adsorption occurred at both the interior and exterior adsorption sites of humic acids.     

抚顺市海新河和榆林垃圾场环境整治与生态恢复建设

海新河和榆林垃圾场环境整治与生态恢复建设,通过采用一级处理和人工湿地相结合,将产生一定的环境、经济与社会效益。     

牡丹江市大气环境容量研究

为了更合理地制定牡丹江市总量控制目标和控制战略,使有限的大气环境容量资源得到合理的利用,促进牡丹江市大气污染物排污许可制度的落实,为“十一五”城市环境保护规划提供技术支持,对牡丹江市大气环境质量现状、大气污染源、气象条件及环境空气质量功能区划分等进行了较为详细的调查分析,并对目前常用的容量测算模型进行了比较,结合牡丹江市的实际情况,认为A-P值法为目前牡丹江市大气环境容量测算的适用模型,并对牡丹江市大气环境容量进行了研究,为牡丹江市合理管理和利用大气环境容量提供了科学依据。     

组合式A^2／O工艺处理城市污水的实验研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市综合治理与城市水环境保护已逐渐为人们重视。通过试验,对A^2／O工艺进行改进,在传统型A^2／O工艺的好氧池中充填填料,形成雅流式的生物接触氧化曝气池,即组合式A^2／O工艺,用该工艺处理城市污水,其出水水质（平均值）为：COD36．9mg／L、NH3-N3．3mg／L、TP0．39mg／L,符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）一级A标准,可排入稀释能力较小的河湖,用作景观用水和一般回用水。出水水质与《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》标准（GB／T18921—2002）相比,有一定差距,还需进一步的处理。     

用气浮＋A／O＋深度组合工艺处理乳品生产有机废水

针对乳品行业工业废水有机物浓度较高难以处理的现状,试用气浮＋A／O＋深度组合工艺处理乳品生产有机废水。通过具体案例,介绍了工艺的原理、流程以及主要处理构筑物的设计,并列出了工程实践的数据。经过工厂半年的实际运行,设备运转正常,处理效果稳定,指标全部达到了国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）一级排放标准。表明该方法处理效果好、工艺流程短、技术可靠、设备先进,而且工程投资少、运行费用低、无二次污染。     

环糊精对Fe(Ⅲ)引发双酚A光降解的影响

环糊精口α-CD、β-CD和γ-CD能分别与双酚A形成1:1主-客体包结物.在250W金属卤化物灯(λ≥365 nm)光照下,研究了在Fe(Ⅲ)-OH配合物体系中,不同环糊精对双酚A光降解的影响.结果表明,β-CD能较大地促进双酚A的光降解,α-CD次之,而γ-CD对双酚A的光降解存在一定的抑制;并且CDs浓度的变化对双酚A光降解的初始速率有明显的影响.双酚A光降解的初始速率随着β-CD和α-CD浓度增大而增加,当β-CD=60μmol/L时达到最大,然后随着浓度增大而降低,而BPA的光降解初始速率随γ-CD浓度的增加总的趋势是减小的.通过计算机软件Gaussian98,采用PM3方法模拟了环糊精与双酚A的包结行为,进一步说明3种环糊精与双酚A形成主-客体包结物对光降解的影响.