铁改性掺氮碳纤维活化过一硫酸盐降解双酚A

通过静电纺丝制备了Fe和N掺杂改性的碳纳米纤维（Fe-N-CNF）,研究了该催化剂活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解双酚A（BPA）的性能.以聚丙烯腈为前驱体通过添加FeCl₃、尿素、NH₄Cl、均苯四甲酸二酐等配制溶胶进行静电纺丝,预氧化并高温碳化后获得Fe-N-CNF,研究了Fe-N-CNF投加量、PMS投加量、溶液初始pH对BPA降解效果的影响.结果表明,当Fe-N-CNF投加量为1 g·L^-1,PMS投加量为2 mmol·L^-1,初始pH为5时,30 min内对初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1 BPA的降解率可达100%.自由基淬灭实验和电子自旋共振波谱（ESR）分析证明,该体系中起主要作用的活性氧物种是O₂^·-和¹O₂.同时研究了Fe-N-CNF/PMS体系对多种有机污染物的降解效果.     

Optimization of phosphorus removal in uniFed SBR system for domestic wastewater treatment

The characteristic of phosphorus removal and appropriate change of the traditional operation modes were investigated in UniFed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) laboratory-scale apparatus (40 L), treating actual domestic wastewater with low ratios of C/N (2.57) and C/P (30.18), providing theoretical basis for actual application of wastewater treatment plant. UniFed SBR system with its unique operation mode had the distinct superiority of phosphorus removal. On this occasion, the effect of volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and the method of influent introduction for phosphorus removal were studied. When the carbon source became the limiting factor to phosphorus release, the higher the VER, the lower the phosphorus concentration in the effluent. Three different influent patterns, including one-time filling, four-time filling, and continuous filling with the same quantity of wastewater could increase the release rate of anaerobic phosphorus from 0.082 to 0.143 mg·P·(L·min)^-1. Appropriate change of the traditional operation modes could optimize the efficiency of phosphorus removal. When the feed/ decant time was extended from 2 h to 4 h, the phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 59.93% to 88.45% without any external carbon source. In the mode of alternation of anoxic-aerobic (A/O) condition, phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 55.07% to 72.27% clearly. The carbon source in the influent can be used adequately, and denitrifying phosphorus removal was carried out in anoxic stage 2 (A2). This mode was optimal for the treatment of actual domestic wastewater with low C/N and C/P ratios.     

三种典型纳米颗粒物造成的人体肺细胞氧化应激和炎症效应(Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Effect on A549 Cell Line Induced by Three Typical Nano-Particles )

采用体外细胞暴露实验研究了人肺腺癌细胞系(A549)单层细胞暴露于50和500μg·mL-1两种浓度纳米氧化钛、纳米氧化硅、碳纳米管和晶体石英砂等四种颗粒物后产生的氧化应激和炎症反应.用细胞活度、细胞内活性氧总量和细胞上清液中白细胞介素8(IL-8)表达量表征暴露效应.研究结果表明,纳米氧化钛、纳米氧化硅和碳纳米管在体外暴露实验过程中均发生不同程度的聚集;细胞暴露48h后,三种纳米颗粒物均使A549细胞活度下降,诱导细胞产生过量活性氧,同时刺激细胞IL-8表达量增高;三种纳米颗粒物中,纳米氧化钛和纳米氧化硅对细胞活度影响较大,碳纳米管诱发的炎症效应较另两种纳米材料强.     

A/O交替运行钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池处理模拟生活污水脱氮除磷特性

利用两级钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池(SSMBF)构建厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行工艺系统.在单池HRT=2h,A/O交替周期48h,厌氧DO=0.2~0.5mg/L,好氧DO=3~5mg/L,T=23~27℃的运行条件下,考察了SSMBF系统对模拟生活污水(pH=6.8~7.5,COD=260~330mg/L,NH4+-N=35~40mg/L,PO43--P=9~11mg/L)的处理效果,分析了其氨氮和磷去除特性.结果表明,两级A/O交替SSMBF系统具有良好的生活污水处理能力,对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别为95%、40%~60%和83.3%,出水氨氮、磷和COD浓度分别为0.5mg/L?3~6mg/L和50mg/L.在厌氧/好氧交替周期为48h的工况下,SSMBF系统的氨氧化菌和聚磷菌分别可在10h和8h恢复最佳活性.SEM?EDS表征和污染物去除特性分析结果显示,A/O交替运行SSMBF系统充分发挥了钢渣基复合滤料的离子和碱度释放特性,通过聚磷菌的厌氧释磷效应,在厌氧SSMBF中诱导促进了生物-结晶协同除磷,结晶产物为以羟基磷灰石为主的磷酸盐化合物.     

赤霉素生产废水处理工程改造

某生物制药公司生产废水有机物浓度高,水质复杂,属难降解废水。原处理工艺对萃余液处理不够彻底,出水难以达标排放,因而对原处理工艺进行改造,即在原有构筑物基础上采用UASB+二级A/O工艺。运行结果表明:出水水质稳定,符合GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的二级标准,COD去除率高于95%,ρ(氨氮)<10 mg/L。     

组合MBR工艺中试系统处理高氨氮生活污水

以低碳氮比〔ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(TN)〕、高氨氮生活污水为研究对象,对强化缺氧/好氧+膜生物反应器(A/O+MBR)组合工艺系统的运行稳定性和处理效果进行中试研究.结果表明:在A/O工艺中引入纤毛填料,强化了组合工艺去除有机物及氨氮的效果,缓解了膜组件污染;根据进水负荷和温度变化,优化了工艺运行参数ρ(MLSS)和混合液回流比,系统稳定运行期间的HRT为6.7～11.9 h,膜通量为11～20 L/(m2·h);处理系统对BOD₅,COD_Cr,氨氮及SS的平均去除率分别达97.4%,87.2%,97.5%和100%,处理水ρ(BOD₅)≤ 6 mg/L,ρ(COD_Cr)≤ 40 mg/L,ρ(氨氮)≤5 mg/L;由于碳源缺乏,组合工艺对TN和TP去除率较低,分别为28.5%和26.8%,但处理水中的TN和TP以硝态氮和溶解性磷酸盐为主,是植物吸收氮源和磷源的主要形式,因此对符合再生水水源要求的处理水可作为城市绿化及农田灌溉用水回用,不仅可补充植物与作物生长必需的氮磷营养元素,而且为城市生活污水资源化提供了一条有效途径.      

Electro-conductive crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube nanofiltration membrane for electro-enhanced removal of bisphenol A

● A crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane was fabricated. ● Electro-assistance enhanced the removal rate of the NF membrane for bisphenol A. ● Intermittent voltage-assistance can achieve nearly 100% removal of bisphenol A. ● Membrane adsorption–electro-oxidation process is feasible for micropollutant removal. Nanofiltration (NF) has attracted increasing attention for wastewater treatment and potable water purification. However, the high-efficiency removal of micropollutants by NF membranes is a critical challenge. Owing to the adsorption and subsequent diffusion, some weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA), can pass through NF membranes, resulting in low removal rates. Herein, an effective strategy is proposed to enhance the BPA removal efficiency of a crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane by coupling the membrane with electro-assistance. The membrane exhibited a 31.9% removal rate for 5 mg/L BPA with a permeance of 6.8 L/(m²·h·bar), while the removal rate was significantly improved to 98.1% after applying a voltage of 2.0 V to the membrane. Furthermore, when BPA coexisted with humic acid, the membrane maintained 94% removal of total organic carbon and nearly 100% removal of BPA at 2.0 V over the entire filtration period. Compared to continuous voltage applied to the membrane, an intermittent voltage (2.0 V for 0.5 h with an interval of 3.5 h) could achieve comparable BPA removal efficiency, because of the combined effect of membrane adsorption and subsequent electrochemical oxidation. Density functional theory calculations and BPA oxidation process analyses suggested that BPA was adsorbed by two main interactions: π–π and hydrogen-bond interactions. The adsorbed BPA was further electro-degraded into small organic acids or mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O. This work demonstrates that NF membranes coupled with electro-assistance are feasible for improving the removal of weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants.     

长江口-杭州湾海洋生物中双酚A和三氯生的浓度分布特征

双酚A(BPA)和三氯生(TCS)是两种受广泛关注的典型环境内分泌干扰物,而长江口-杭州湾是我国最主要的海产品生产海域之一,因此,长江口-杭州湾海洋生物中BPA和TCS的污染特征应引起重视。检测了长江口-杭州湾26种海洋生物体(17种鱼类、6种软体动物、3种甲壳类)肌肉组织中BPA和TCS的浓度分布特征,结果显示:所有海洋生物样品中都可检出BPA,其浓度为0.14~18 ng/g(平均5.2 ng/g);73%的海洋生物样品中含有TCS,其浓度为P<0.01);鱼类、软体动物、甲壳类中BPA和TCS的平均浓度分别为5.8、5.2、2.3 ng/g和12、15、28 ng/g;据估算,浙江普通居民通过食用海洋生物对BPA和TCS的每日摄入量均值分别为5.6 ng/kg和15 ng/kg。     

辽东湾沿岸水域甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布

报道了2002年辽东湾3个沿岸海域表层海水中甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布的检测结果。结果显示,5月份表层海水 中没有检出甲肝病毒,粪大肠菌群也符合卫生标准;8月份和10月份表层海水中的甲肝病毒loo％呈阳性,粪大肠菌群均超标。 结果表明,粪大肠菌群指示海水中肠道病毒污染程度仍具有很大程度的可靠性。     

基于多源遥感影像融合的武汉市土地利用分类方法研究

准确高效的获取土地利用信息,对于合理利用和开发土地资源具有十分重要的意义。在快速城镇化地区,土地利用活动频繁且密集,土地利用格局演变十分剧烈,增加了城市土地利用精准分类的不确定性;且受环境气候和云雨天气影响增加了有效光学影像获取的难度。为提高城市土地分类精度,该文选取武汉市中心城区为研究案例,以Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI影像为数据源,采用Gram-Schmidt变换方法进行影像融合,选取最大似然、支持向量机、CART决策树、BP神经网络等4种分类方法对融合的影像进行分类,提取了研究区土地利用信息,并对其进行分析。进一步,通过与光学影像的分类结果对比,探究了Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI融合影像在土地利用信息提取方面是否具有优势。研究结果表明:(1)对比其他3种方法,CART决策树分类方法对于融合后的影像分类精度最高,总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别达到88.55%和0.841 4;(2)与光学影像相比,Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI融合影像可以更有效地获取高精度城市土地利用信息;(3)基于多源遥感影像融合的CART决策树分类方法是获取研究区高精度土地利用信息的一种行之有效的技术手段。研究成果可为快速城镇化区域的土地利用分类提供参考。