Cr6+和Cr3+对水花生几种生理生化指标的影响比较

通过Cr6 和Cr3 对水花生 (Alternantheraphiloxeroides)的叶及根的某些生理生化指标影响的对比研究发现 ,Cr6 和Cr3 均能对水花生产生毒害 ;铬污染后 ,水花生的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性和可溶性蛋白含量 5项重要生理生化指标发生相应变化 ;Cr6 的毒性明显大于Cr3 ,根的受害程度比叶严重。     

美国高等职业教育的特点

美国职业教育立法具有阶段性、可操作性、科学性和先行性;高中后为非义务大学教育,包括综合性或研究型大学、普通本科大学和社区学院．社区学院主要承担高等职业教育,实行联邦政府引导、州政府和地方政府分级管理,重心是地方管理;职业教育改革的基本理论主要有人力资本理论和批判理论;形成了形式多样、多维交叉的办学格局,培养目标明确,强调技艺和操作技能,培养中级技术员;人才规格是“5种能力和3种素质”;课程体系包括普通课程、职业课程与学术课程,课程设置具有高度灵活多样和应用性;课程改革主要形式有合作学习、课程整合和STW课程框架;教师任职资格的标准很高,对教师管理非常严格,实行教师资格证书制;产教合作又称为“合作职业教育”,包括以雇主为基础的模式、收办学校模式和学习与就业连结模式;经费来源渠道主要是当地财产税、州政府拨款、联邦政府资助和学生学费．     

围生期双酚A暴露对子代大鼠脾脏免疫功能的影响

为了研究围生期双酚A(BPA)暴露对子代脾脏免疫功能的影响,选择F344大鼠,按体重随机分为对照、低、中、高4个剂量组(BPA暴露剂量分别为0、4、40、400mg·kg-1·d-1),从雌鼠妊娠第0天开始至子鼠出生后30天,每天灌胃染毒1次,观察子鼠脾脏组织形态学的变化,并采用实时定量PCR检测IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α4种细胞因子mRNA表达的改变.结果表明,1)与对照组相比,低剂量组子鼠脾重、脾脏指数均显著增加(p<0.05),体重无显著变化(p>0.05);中剂量组子鼠脾脏指数显著增加(p<0.05),体重和脾重无显著变化(p>0.05);高剂量组子鼠体重、脾重均显著降低(p<0.05),脾脏指数无显著变化(p>0.05).2)与对照组相比,各暴露组子鼠脾脏IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α4种细胞因子mRNA表达均显著降低(p<0.01).以上结果提示,BPA可能能够透过胎盘屏障并通过乳汁传递给子代,降低子代的机体免疫功能.     

Relation of hepatic EROD activity and CYP1A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and its correlation with cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP (10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively) or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP (0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively) every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second ip injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites (100 ng/L) was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity (1000 ng/L). The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.     

Bioassays and selected chemical analysis of biocide-free antifouling coatings

Over the years several types of biocide-free antifouling paints have entered the market. The prohibition of biocidal antifouling paints in special areas of some European countries such as Sweden, Denmark and Germany has favoured the introduction of these paints to the market.

Several types of biocide-free antifouling paints were subjected to bioassays and selected chemical analysis of leachate and incorporated substances. Both non-eroding coatings (silicones, fibre coats, epoxies, polyurethane, polyvinyl) and eroding coatings (SPCs, ablative) were tested to exclude the presence of active biocides and dangerous compounds. The paints were subjected to the luminescent bacteria test and the cypris larvae settlement assay, the latter delivering information on toxicity as well as on efficacy.

The following chemical analyses of selected compounds of dry-film were performed:

• leaching-rate of organotin compounds from silicones and of nonylphenol and bisphenol A from epoxy and vinyl based coatings,

• concentration and leaching rate of selected organic compounds in polyurethane,

• concentration of heavy metals in eroding coatings.

The results of the bioassays indicated that none of the coatings analysed contained leachable biocides. Nevertheless, some products contained or leached dangerous compounds. The analyses revealed leaching of nonylphenol (up to 74.7 ng/cm²/d after 48 h) and bisphenol A (up to 2.77 ng/cm²/d after 24 h) from epoxy resins used as substitutes for antifouling paints. The heavy metal, zinc, was measured in dry paint film in quantities up to 576 000 ppm in erodable coatings, not incorporated as a biocide but to control the rate of erosion. Values for TBT in silicone elutriates were mostly below the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg. Values for DBT ranged between <0.005 and 6.28 mg/kg, deriving from catalysts used as curing agents. Some biocide-free paints contained leachable, toxic and dangerous compounds in the dry film, some of which may act as substitutes for biocides or are incorporated as plasticizers or catalysts. Implications to environmental requirements and legislation are discussed.     

Diverging meanings of development among architects and three other professional groups

Previous research has shown that designers' and architects' evaluations of visual stimuli, and of urban and rural environments are not necessarily shared by non-designers and non-architects. Such conclusions may be biased by instrumentation and methodological problems, namely, previous instruments often require verbal responses about stimuli. Hence, non-designers and non-architects may be less capable in expressing themselves, but perceive the same things as the professionals. Another problem stems from professionals who have a narrow range of traits being compared with a general population that has a broader range of traits and therefore has greater within-group variance. This study presents an instrument and a methodology for dealing with these problems in addition to examining the perceptual orientations of architects in comparison to three other professions. Results indicate that architects varied from the other professional groups in their quantitative judgments of the habitats studied but not from all groups in their qualitative judgments. Hence, architects may be a distinct professional culture for some design variables only.     

不同粒径的大气细颗粒物对A549细胞的毒性研究

研究了不同粒径的大气细颗粒物对人肺癌上皮细胞A549的生物学效应,探讨了大气中细颗粒物粒径与细胞毒性的关系。采集杭州市大气中不同粒径的细颗粒物,制备成不同粒径的颗粒物总悬浮液,将A549细胞暴露于该制备液24 h后,测定细胞活力(MTT法)和培养液上清液中的LDH含量;并选择最佳浓度为后续暴露剂量,测定ROS生成量,评价不同粒径大气细颗粒物对细胞损伤效应。此外,还采用RTPCR测定凋亡基因P50、BAX、BCL-2表达情况。不同粒径的细颗粒物均显著抑制A549细胞活力,LDH显著增多,并存在剂量-效应关系;最佳染毒质量浓度为10μg/m L;ROS的生成量和各个凋亡基因的mRNA表达量均高于对照组。大气中不同粒径的细颗粒物均能对A549细胞产生毒性,并且随粒径增加,颗粒物对细胞的毒性呈降低趋势。     

甲型流感的流行与防控分析及其对新冠肺炎疫情的启示

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情在全球流行,对人类生命健康造成威胁.对甲型流感这一常见传染病进行流行特征、影响因素和防控措施分析,回顾总结全球为防控甲型流感做出的努力及相关科学研究成果,为新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情提供防控经验和研究思路.结果表明:①甲型流感呈季节性流行,受气候、社会、政治和文化等多因素影响,在低温低湿、人口密集的环境中表现出强流行性.②甲型流感防控研究工作主要包括季节性流感病毒监测、流感病毒的生态学研究、广谱中和抗体及通用疫苗的研究、应对流感大流行的病原学风险评估四方面,其中季节性流感病毒监测是制定公共卫生政策及后续研究的核心防控措施.③与甲型流感类似,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情流行受温度等气候因素影响,同时社会、政治、文化等因素也影响其传播,亟需借鉴较成熟的甲型流感的防控经验、技术和平台.建议在加强病毒监测的同时,深入开展病毒生态学研究、病原学风险评估和药物开发,对完善疫情防控工作和预警预测未来可能出现的二次暴发及传播至关重要.研究结果将为新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情和未来传染病疫情的防控及预测预警提供参考和研究思路.      

全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM3)在A+A2/O工艺污水处理厂中的数值模拟应用

基于FCASM3建立了杭州市某污水厂A+A~2/O工艺模型.首先测定该污水处理厂的进水水质组分,以及不同阶段污染物浓度的变化和活性污泥中微生物动力学参数;然后,利用该厂2017年上半年的运行数据对模型进行校核.校核结果显示,该模型能够很好地模拟出系统中各物质的转化情况.最后,利用校核完成的工艺模型对该污水厂的主要工艺参数,包括溶解氧、污泥回流比和混合液回流比,进行多因素正交模拟试验.试验结果表明,该污水处理厂的最佳运行工况为:当A+A~2/O系统的好氧池氧传输速率(Oxygen Transfer Coefficient,KLa)、污泥回流比和混合液回流比分别控制在2 h-1、75%及250%时,好氧池TN出水浓度下降1.28 mg·L~(-1),脱氮效率提高了15.91%,同时该厂污水处理能耗降低.     

Effective adsorption of sulfamethoxazole, bisphenol A and methyl orange on nanoporous carbon derived from metal-organic frameworks

Nanoporous carbons(NPCs) derived from metal–organic frameworks(MOFs) are attracting increasing attention in many areas by virtue of their high specific surface area, large pore volume and unique porosity. The present work reports the preparation of an NPC with high surface area(1731 m~2/g) and pore volume(1.68 cm~3/g) by direct carbonization of MOF-5. We examined the adsorption of three typical contaminants from aqueous solutions, i.e., sulfamethoxazole(SMX),bisphenol A(BPA) and methyl orange(MO), by using the as-prepared NPC. The results demonstrated that NPC could adsorb the contaminants effectively, with adsorption capacity(qm) of 625 mg/g(SMX), 757 mg/g(BPA) and 872 mg/g(MO), respectively. These values were approximately 1.0-3.2 times higher than those obtained for single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) and commercial powder active carbon(PAC) under the same conditions. With its high surface area and unique meso/macropore structure, the enhanced adsorption of NPC most likely originates from the cooperative interaction of a pore-filling mechanism, electrostatic interaction,and hydrogen bonding. In particular, the p H value has a crucial impact on adsorption, suggesting the significant contribution of electrostatic interaction between NPC and the contaminants. This study provides a proof-of-concept demonstration of MOF-derived nanoporous carbons as effective adsorbents of contaminants for water treatment.