A^2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A2O）活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮（Estrone,E1）、17β-雌二醇（17β-Estradiol,E2）以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇（17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2）的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

A2／O-MBR工艺处理低负荷污水并回用

将A2／O生物处理单元与MBR相结合构建了的处理能力为2000m3／d的A2／O—MBR工艺,并应用于缺水地区校园生活污水的处理与回用。该系统运行稳定,运行阶段的实验结果表明,在进水COD为100-200mg／L、NH4＋-N为19～33mg／L、TN为25-43mg／L、TP为35mg／L和低碳氮比的情况下,出水水质优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920-2002）的要求,且全部用于杂用及校园绿化等。经分析该工艺运行成本为0．96元／m3,每年可节省自来水73万t,获得较好的环境效益与经济效益。     

4A沸石分子筛处理中低浓度氨氮废水

利用天然沸石、采用水热合成法制备4A沸石分子筛,用XRD和SEM进行了表征。通过考察吸附剂用量、pH、共存金属阳离子、吸附时间、氨氮废水初始浓度、温度对吸附性能的影响,结合动力学方程、吸附等温线、热力学函数等研究了吸附性能和机理。结果表明,当4 g/L的4A沸石分子筛在废水pH值为4~8的条件下对中低浓度氨氮吸附120min后,去除率可达88%;废水中共存单一金属阳离子(Pb2+、Cu2+、Ca2+和Mg2+)浓度大于100 mg/L时,对中低浓度的NH+4有强烈的竞争吸附;氨氮的吸附过程较好地符合准二级动力学方程、Freundlich模型,是一种混乱度增加、自发的放热过程。     

四级三相式生物流化床分段进水工艺脱氮效能

对四级三相式生物流化床分段进水工艺脱氮效能进行了研究。通过改变进水C/N比、水力停留时间(HRT)和污泥回流比,考察了系统的脱氮效能,并与流化床A/O工艺脱氮效能进行对比。出水氨氮均小于1 mg/L,去除率保持在97%以上,TN去除率最高可达90%,出水水质均能够保证达标。在相同水质和运行条件下,将四级三相式生物流化床分段进水工艺与流化床A/O工艺进行对比,前者从脱氮效能和节约能源方面均表现出较强的优势。四级三相式生物流化床分段进水工艺无需外加碳源和内回流系统,是一种低碳节能的污水脱氮新工艺。     

Removal of phenolic estrogen pollutants from different sources of water using molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres

The efficiency and effects of using Bisphenol A-molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres (MIPMs) to remove phenolic estrogens from different sources of water were evaluated. MIPMs prepared by precipitation polymerization removed a group of phenolic estrogens from different kinds of water selectively and effectively. The highest removal efficiency was observed at pH=5. Fifty millimoles per litre ions or 10mg/L humid acid improved removal efficiency. MIPMs were more suitable to remove trace estrogens in large volume than high concentration of estrogens in small volume. The removal efficiency of spiked tap water, lake water and river water were better than that of distilled water. Hundred milligrams of MIPMs had higher removal selectivity and efficiency than those of 100mg or 300mg activated carbons. Moreover, MIPMs can be re-used for at least 30 times without losing any removal efficiency. MIPMs provided a selective, simple, reliable and practicable solution to remove trace phenolic estrogens from different sources of water.     

Induced cytochrome P450 1A activity in cichlid fishes from Guandu River and Jacarepaguá Lake, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The induction of cytochrome P4501A-mediated activity (e.g. ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation, EROD) has been used as a biomarker for monitoring fish exposure to AhR-receptor ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). In this study we found that hepatic EROD is induced in fish ("Nile tilapia", Oreochromis niloticus and "acará", Geophagus brasiliensis) from the Guandu River (7-17-fold) and Jacarepaguá Lake (7-fold), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Since both cichlid fish are consumed by the local population and the Guandu River is the main source of the drinking water supply for the greater Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, pollution by cytochrome P4501A-inducing chemicals is a cause for concern and should be further investigated in sediments, water and biota. We additionally showed that EROD activity in the fish liver post-mitochondrial supernatant-simpler, cheaper and less time consuming to prepare than the microsomal fraction-is sufficiently sensitive for monitoring purposes.     

基于ARM和Linux的数据采集系统及其在电能质量监测中的应用

本文从数据采集的实际需求出发,提出以32位ARM920T内核的S3C2440A微处理器为核心,在基于Linux嵌入式操作系统以及Qtopia图形界面的软件平台上,移植网页服务器Boa,形成具有图形界面显示、网页发布、数据采集、存储、传输等功能的数据采集系统平台。在此平台基础上,通过应用接口电路的扩展和用户程序的设计,研制了一款电能质量监测终端,实现了电网电量参数的数据采集、处理与存储工作。该设备还可将采集到的数据通过GPRS无线网络发送到上位机,结合上位机软件对电能质量进行监测、分析。随着电力系统电能质量监测装置趋向小型化、智能化,该系统将会得到广泛的推广和应用。     

分点进水对倒置A2/O工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响

在传统A2/O工艺基础上,提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面的分点进水倒置A2/O工艺。通过改变α（进入厌氧区的污水分量）与β（进入缺氧区的污水分量）的比例,考察对倒置A2/O工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响。实验结果表明,当α：β为7∶3时,达到最佳的脱氮除磷效率,分别为74.3%和71.2%。     

Ubiquity of bisphenol A in the atmosphere

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a suspected endocrine disruptor in the environment. However, little is known about its distribution and transport in the atmosphere. Here, the concentrations of BPA in the atmospheric aerosols from urban, rural, marine, and the polar regions were measured using solvent extraction/derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. The concentrations of BPA (1-17,400 pg m⁻³) ranged over 4 orders of magnitude in the world with a declining trend from the continent (except for the Antarctica) to remote sites. A positive correlation was found between BPA and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, a tracer for plastic burning, in urban regions, indicating that the open burning of plastics in domestic waste should be a significant emission source of atmospheric BPA. Our results suggest that the ubiquity of BPA in the atmosphere may raise a requirement for the evaluation of health effects of BPA in order to control its emission sources, for example, from plastic burning.     

Distribution of pesticides and bisphenol A in sediments collected from rivers adjacent to coral reefs

To investigate the deteriorating health of coral reefs in Okinawa, Japan, natural sediment samples were analyzed for diuron, Irgarol 1051, chlorpyrifos, and bisphenol A (BPA) which are hazardous to corals. Samples were analyzed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS). Although diuron and chlorpyrifos usage is only well recorded for farms and not for cities, these chemicals were detected in both rural and urban areas. Additionally, diuron concentration in urban areas was in some cases higher than in rural areas, which might be caused by greater consumption of these chemicals in home gardens in city areas. Irgarol 1051 was detected in downstream river areas, which are situated far from the source sites such as pier or fishery harbor (0.6–3.2 km). This result suggested that Irgarol 1051 could be transported from the river mouths to the sampling sites during flood tides. High BPA concentrations were associated with urban areas (<1.2–22.0 μg kg⁻¹), while low concentrations were associated with rural areas (nd–6.8 μg kg⁻¹). The river sediments under study are delivered to coral reefs in large quantity through runoff caused by typhoons and other heavy rains. The highly hazardous chemicals are carried into coral reefs on these sediments. Therefore, these hazardous chemical substances may already be influencing the coral reefs.