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621.
Polona Kalan Katarina Košmelj Charles Taillie Anton Cedilnik John H. Carson 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2003,10(4):469-482
The objective of this paper is to quantify and compare the loss functions of the standard two-stage design and its composite sample alternative in the context of multivariate soil sampling. The loss function is defined (conceptually) as the ratio of cost over information and measures design inefficiency. The efficiency of the design is the reciprocal of the loss function. The focus of this paper is twofold: (a) we define a measure of multivariate information using the Kullback–Leibler distance, and (b) we derive the variance-covariance structure for two soil sampling designs: a standard two-stage design and its composite sample counterpart. Randomness in the mass of soil samples is taken into account in both designs. A pilot study in Slovenia is used to demonstrate the calculations of the loss function and to compare the efficiency of the two designs. The results show that the composite sample design is more efficient than the two-stage design. The efficiency ratio is 1.3 for pH, 2.0 for C, 2.1 for N, and 2.5 for CEC. The multivariate efficiency ratio is 2.3. These ratios primarily reflect cost ratios; influence of the information is small. 相似文献
622.
基于GIS和RS的晋江市土地利用变化与可持续利用研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用GIS和遥感技术,在拟订土地分类系统的基础上,对1996和2001年晋汀市土地资源进行遥感解译,得到这两期1:10万土地利用现状图及数据库,分析了晋江市土地利用类型的构成与比例,以及土地利用面积动态变化状况。结果表明,晋汀市自1996年以来,城镇居民点与工矿用地扩展较大,面积增幅达5312.55hm^2,交通面积增加1507.02hm^2,林地而积增加了293.05hm^2,园地面积也增加了4.17hm^2;但耕地面积锐减,减少面积为6419.43hm^2,减幅为14.6%,其去向主要是建设用地、生态退耕、园地和池塘用地。在此基础上,认为土地利用变化存在的主要问题是:耕地面积锐减;土地利用结构小平衡;生态环境恶化等。应采取针对性的土地可持续发展措施,重视土地管理制度创新和土地利用的优化配置。 相似文献
623.
The role of turbidity as a constraint on predator-prey interactions in aquatic environments 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Many of the world's most productive aquatic ecosystems usually contain turbid water. Paradoxically, many fish species that
live in these habitats are also those that often rely on vision to detect their predators and their prey. For these fish,
turbidity will reduce the distance at which predator-prey interactions occur, and there should be a reduction in the opportunity
for behavioural modification to control the risk of predation. Under these conditions, we predict that most antipredator behaviour
will become ineffective and that predator-prey interactions in turbid water will be primarily characterised by the direct
effects of predator consumption of prey, rather than behavioural modification reducing the growth rates of prey. This hypothesis
was tested in two laboratory experiments. The first experiment investigated how water turbidity, risk of predation, and their
interaction affect habitat choice decisions by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). These data demonstrate that fathead minnows reduce their use of dangerous habitats, but that this effect is diminished
in turbid water. A second experiment examined mortality patterns when these fish were preyed upon by yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in clear and turbid water. Absolute mortality rates were unaffected by visibility, but patterns of mortality were random
in turbid water and skewed towards smaller individuals in clear water. Combined, these results support our hypothesis and
suggest that the impact of predation risk will be reduced in turbid aquatic ecosystems.
Received: 23 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 18 November 1996 相似文献
624.
We use a mechanism design framework to analyze the optimal design of green payment policies with the dual goals of conservation and income support for small farms. Each farm is characterized by two dimensions of attributes: farms size and conservation efficiency. The policymaker may not be able to use the attributes as an explicit criterion for payments. We characterize optimal policy when conservation efficiency is unobservable to policymakers, and when farm size is also unobservable. An income support goal is shown to reduce the conservation distortion caused by asymmetric information. The cost of optimal green payment mechanisms is shown to depend crucially on whether large or small farms have greater conservation efficiency. 相似文献
625.
Chains of accidents (the domino effect) have been occurring with ever increasing frequency in chemical process industries. This is reflected in several accidents ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’; the world's worst industrial accident of the 1990s — the Vishakhpatnam disaster — also involved the domino effect ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361; and Process Safety Prog 18 (1999b) 135’. Such chains of accidents have a greater propensity to cause damage than stand-alone accidents ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; and J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’.In order to assess the likelihood of occurrence of the domino effect and its damage potential, use of deterministic models in conjunction with probabilistic analysis is required. Recently we have proposed a systematic methodology called ‘domino effect analysis’ (DEA). A computer-automated tool, DOMIFFECT, has also been developed by us based on DEA ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; Environment Model Software 13 (1998b) 163; and Risk assessment in chemical process industries: advanced techniques. Discovery Publishing House (1998c)’.This paper illustrates the application of DEA and DOMIFFECT to an industrial complex comprising 16 different industries. Out of 12 credible accident scenarios envisaged in three different industries — namely Madras Refineries Limited (MRL), UB Petrochemicals (UBP) and Indian Organic Chemicals Limited (IOCL), eight scenarios are likely to cause the domino effect. A further detailed analysis reveals that accidents in the storage of liquified petroleum gas and propylene and in the reflux drum units of MRL may cause domino effects. Similarly, propylene storage of UBP and monoethylene glycol storage of IOCL are also likely to cause domino effects. The impact of various chains of accidents has been forecast which reveals that in several cases the accidents may be catastrophic, harming the entire industrial complex of 16 industries. The study leads to the identification of ‘hot spots’ — units that pose the greatest risk — in turn forewarning the industries concerned and enabling them to prioritize and augment accident-prevention steps. 相似文献
626.
沂河流域土地利用时空变化图谱特征分析 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
基于沂河流域1995年、2005年和2015年土地利用空间数据,运用地学信息图谱方法构建1995-2005年和2005-2015年两个时序单元的土地利用转移图谱和涨落势图谱,分析了沂河流域近20年来的土地利用时空变化规律及发展过程。结果表明:(1)1995-2015年,沂河流域土地利用结构以耕地和林地为主,其中耕地和草地减少,林地和建设用地增加是主要变化趋势。(2)土地利用转移图谱以耕地与林地、草地之间的相互转换以及建设用地占用耕地为主,林地、草地转变为耕地主要发生在费县和平邑县中部地势平缓的山前平原,耕地转变为林地、草地则主要分布于研究区北部和西南部土壤侵蚀较为严重的山区,耕地转变为建设用地主要集中在各县市城区周边经济相对发达的区域。两个时序单元中,发生变化的主要图谱单元类型及面积存在显著差异,2005-2015年土地利用发生转换的空间进一步扩张。(3)土地利用涨势图谱中新增耕地面积最大,占新增面积的比例为33.87%;落势图谱中耕地萎缩面积最大,占萎缩面积的比例为51.38%。两个时序单元中,各县市涨落势图谱变化存在明显差异。该研究可为沂河流域土地资源的可持续利用及生态建设提供科学依据。 相似文献
627.
本文着重论述了完善的社会信用体系对于规范市场经济秩序,促进我国经济的持续、稳定、健康发展有着十分重要的意义。为此,档案行政管理部门应该主动找准自己的位置,履行自己的职责,并有所作为。从而充分发挥档案行政管理部门的自身优势,倾力打造跨行业、跨部门的信用档案信息平台。使全社会形成一种有序的竞争环境。 相似文献
628.
关于发展环保信息产业的若干思考 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在分析环境保护,环保产业及环保信息产业的相互关系的基础上,对环保信息产业的基本概念进行了规范,对环保信息产业的主要产品进行了介绍。提出发展环保信息产业,符合知识经济的要求,以赴赠业的支柱产业之一有重要意义。 相似文献
629.
环境风险评价方法刍议 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文简要介绍了环境风险评价的概念、主要内容,指出了目前环境风险评价方法的技术关键,提供了风险度(PR)和风险影响(R1)的计算方法。并对我国环境风险评价方法的研究提出了建议。 相似文献
630.
"三S"技术应用与环境科技发展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
叙述了遥感,全球定位系统和地理信息系统和环境科技发展的关系,以及在环境科技中的实际应用,提出了在大力开展集RS,GPS,GIS于一体,适合环境科学应用的,综合多功能的“三S”技术,以适应可持续发展的需要。 相似文献