浅议环境预警监测常态化建设

阐述了中国环境预警监测存在的主要问题:监测信息支持系统不够先进、科学;优先监测对象未经优化论证;预警监测能力滞后;应急监测在应急处置工作中处于被动局面。在此基础上,笔者提出了强化环境预警监测应当确立常态化管理意识;开发监测信息支持系统;加强应急监测能力建设;组织各种应急演练等对策建议,对基层环境监管具有借鉴作用。     

Effect of Information Availability on Assessment and Designation of Species at Risk

Abstract: Information required to evaluate the extent to which species are at risk of extinction is usually limited and characterized as highly uncertain. In this context, we define information availability as the presence or absence of information used to determine the value of an ecological variable. We examined which of three hypothetical approaches best matched how levels of risk are assigned to species: (1) precautionary approach in which analysts designate levels of risk regardless of the amount of information available, (2) worst‐case approach in which analysts assign the maximum level of risk possible from the criteria, and (3) insurance approach in which analysts assign poorly known species to a high‐risk category when little information is available. We used the quantitative assessment criteria of the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) as a case study. We created a binary (0/1) matrix of all 2.4192 × 10⁷ logical combinations of available information for the 14 ecological variables included in the quantitative criteria. We processed each combination of information availability represented in the matrix with a computer algorithm designed to emulate COSEWIC decision‐making rules. Low information availability was associated with a relatively high frequency of not being able to assign a candidate taxon to a risk category, which does not follow the precautionary principle. Information availability and the level of risk assigned to species were directly related, which is associated with the worst‐case approach, and counter to the insurance approach. Our results suggest that information availability can have a major effect on the level of risk assigned to a species. We recommend a conscious determination of whether such effects are desired, and we recommend the development of methods to explicitly characterize and incorporate information availability and other sources of uncertainty in decision‐making processes.     

Management of life extension for topsides process system of offshore platforms in Chinese Bohai Bay

Technological advances in exploration and production mean that production platforms in Chinese Bohai Bay have many developments that are now operating beyond their original design life. As equipment ages, there are increasing challenges to maintain its integrity. Issues related to LE management of offshore facilities in government regulations, industrial associations and international oil companies were investigated. The results showed that emphasizing the requirements of labor union and industrial associations was a great feature in Norway, which was practical in Chinese Bohai Bay. Therefore, with the combination of the LE management system in Norway with the current situation in Chinese Bohai Bay, LE management model which integrates RBI, RCM, FMECA, and SIL risk assessment methods together was designed in order to improve understanding and ensure that LE issues were addressed across all aspects of asset management during the entire LE period. Finally, an example of three production offshore platforms on a gas field in the Bohai Bay was used to go through the LE management process and address the issues in each phase. The suggestions for improving LE management and technologies were given.     

Methods and models in process safety and risk management: Past,present and future

The paper reviews past progress in the development of methods and models for process safety and risk management and highlights the present research trends; also it outlines the opinions of the authors regarding the future research direction in the field. Based on the open literature published in the leading journals in the field of safety, risk and reliability, the review covers the evolution of the methods and models developed for process safety and risk management. The methods and models are categorized as qualitative, semi-quantitative, quantitative and hybrid. The progress in the last few decades is discussed in the context of the past. Developments in the current decade formulate the basis of the present trends; future directions for research in these fields are also outlined. The aim of the article is to provide a historical development in this field with respect to the driving forces behind the development. It is expected that it will help researchers and industrial practitioners to gain a better understanding of the existing concepts. At the same time the aim is to provide direction to bridge the existing gaps through research and developments.     

Do environmental right-to-know laws affect markets? Capitalization of information in the toxic release inventory

This paper investigates how information contained in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) program, one of the largest environmental right-to-know programs, affects prices in the housing market. I use a strengthening of the reporting requirements for the chemical lead in 2001 as exogenous variation to test for housing price changes near existing firms who must now report. Using a difference-in-differences specification, I find that listing an existing firm in the Toxic Release Inventory lowers housing prices up to 11% within approximately 1 mile. The results suggest that housing market participants do capitalize into prices at least some information conveyed by the TRI program.     

环境风险预警方法与应急成套装备的应用展望

介绍了环境风险预警方法建立的环境风险预警指标体系、环境风险源管理平台、环境风险源风险评估技术方法以及模块式应急成套装备的技术特点等;分析了环境风险预警方法与应急成套设备在危险化学品环境风险与应急管理,在区域大气环境挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)监控预警等方面的实际需求。面临现实的环境风险状况从环境风险防控与应急工程技术研究中心建设角度提出了需进一步完善、开发的环境风险预测预警技术与应急成套装备等新思路。     

化工园企业环境风险分级评估与管理方法研究

为减少环境污染事故的发生,文章从化工园内企业化学品储存、运输、生产等潜在风险环节出发,结合企业风险管理水平及周边受体易损性,利用环境风险综合评价指数法对企业环境风险进行分级评估。在此基础上,以长江下游某化工园区调研的41家企业作为案例进行评估,结果显示:园区内重大、较大、一般环境风险企业分别占调查总数的2.4%,65.9%,31.7%。该评估方法从化工园企业风险控制的实际需求出发,具有实用性和可操作性,为化工园更有效的风险管理提供技术支持。     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins(‘Mondego', ‘Sado' and ‘Tejo') on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions(SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions(ms PAFs) were obtained. The median msP AF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

基于ETM+的遥感蚀变信息提取研究——以青海省拉陵灶火地区为例

矿化蚀变信息是遥感找矿重要的标志。在总结前人研究的基础上,以青海省拉陵灶火地区为实例,对经典的Crosta主成分分析方法进行改进,采用ETM+1+ETM+2、ETM+3/ETM+1、ETM+4/ETM+3、ETM+5和ETM+1+ETM+2、ETM+4/ETM+3、ETM+5、ETM+7提取铁染和羟基蚀变异常信息;通过对比,认为改进后的方法找矿效果更好,为今后该区遥感蚀变信息提取提供新思路。