线性判别分析对舟山海洋站降水中常量阳离子含量的年度、季节特征分析

通过对舟山站点2002/2003年度降水中的6种常量阳离子H⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺近2a的连续观测,采用稳健统计分析对浓度范围及变化趋势进行了描述.利用线性判别分析对实验数据进行降维处理,得到线性判别曲面,对样本点在新正规变量空间的时间性分布特征进行了描述,依据正规变量的线性组合,解释了决定该样本点时间性特征分布的主要阳离子影响因素,并对造成异常样品点的影响因素进行了分析.     

浅析兰州市校园雨水的利用研究

收集利用雨水已成为一种既经济又实用的水资源开发方式。通过实验监测分析兰州市某校园雨水的水质情况,结果表明：（1）校园区雨水径流的主要污染物质为化学需氧量（COD）和悬浮性固体（SS）;（2）屋面汇集雨水水质较好,路面雨水受污染较重。并对该校园可回收利用雨水径流量进行理论计算;提出回收利用校园雨水的方案,如收集屋面雨水用于校园的绿化,采用绿化带改良及屋面绿化等方法利用雨水资源,以达到较好的节水目的,提高水资源的利用效率。     

西安市不同下垫面路面径流雨水中重金属的四季污染特征

重金属是雨水径流中的重要污染物质。为探究雨水径流中重金属的季节变化规律。地理位置因素和人为因素对重金属含量的影响。根据西安市城区内道路类型、路面材质、交通量、人流量等因素选择5个采样点,以2013年全年的降雨样品作为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定雨水径流中重金属Cd、Zn、Fe、Mn、Al、Pb的质量浓度。研究结果表明：Cd的质量浓度正常,低于地表水环境质量Ⅰ类标准,受地理位置、人为活动以及季节变化的影响极小。Zn的质量浓度正常,在地表水环境质量标准第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类标准之间;与地理位置、人为活动以及季节变化没有明显关系。Fe的含量因地理位置不同而异,交通繁忙、商业活动较多的小寨四季雨水径流中的Fe均较高,均为城市供水水质标准的3倍,商业活动的影响大于车辆交通的影响,校园秋季雨水中Fe为水质标准的2倍,其它3个季节水质正常,浓度的影响较小,人为因素对雨水中Fe含量的有一定的影响,人流量大的区域雨水中Fe的含量相对较高。冬季燃煤对雨水中Mn的含量影响较为明显。Mn 只在冬季雨水中的含量略高于城市供水水质标准,对环境影响很小;地理位置,人为活动,区域职能对 Mn的含量均没有明显的影响。Al 的含量在城市供水水质标准限值内,受人流量、区域职能、季节变化影响较小,受地理位置影响较大。Pb的含量受路面交通环境和冬季煤炭燃烧的影响较大,在车辆交通繁忙的地点,Pb的含量明显增高;Pb的含量受季节变化影响较为明显,冬季＞春季＞夏季＞秋季;人流量对 Pb 的含量影响不大;下垫面对 Pb 的含量影响明显,柏油路面上的雨水径流中Pb含量最高,石板路面上Pb的含量在其次,塑胶路面上Pb的含量最少。     

西藏那曲地区夏季降水中生物冰核的分布特征

于2013年6~10月在高海拔的西藏那曲地区采集雨水样品,共获得6月份和7月份两个有效样品.通过液滴冻结实验,对雨水样品中大于0.22μm的气溶胶颗粒物的冰核活性进行检测,同时对不同处理(原样雨水、滤液、添加蛋白变性剂、加热煮沸)的雨水样品的冻结温度进行检测.结果显示,6月份和7月份原样雨水样品的平均冻结温度分别为-13.3℃和-8.7℃.在-10℃以上,雨水样品中存在对蛋白变性剂和加热敏感的生物冰核,但不同月份雨水中的生物冰核对雨水液滴的冻结所起的贡献不同.7月份雨水样品中的高效生物冰核对液滴在较高温度下冻结起到主要的催化作用,而6月份雨水样品中的生物冰核对液滴冻结未起到显著作用.经0.22μm滤膜过滤的雨水滤液样品中,仍然存在高效生物冰核,但目前尚未确定其主要成分.通过对雨水样品中细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌rRNA内转录间隔区及5.8S rRNA的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2基因进行克隆测序分析,获得西藏那曲地区夏季6月份和7月份雨水样品中细菌和真菌的群落组成.发现微生物群落组成中包含了具有高效生物冰核活性的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)细菌和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌.     

雨水资源与雨水资源的评价

本文论述了雨水资源和目前世界各地雨水利用的概况,提出了家庭用水和农业用水雨水资源评价的计算方法。     

ASSESSING POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ASBESTOS FIBERS IN WATER SUPPLIES OF S. E. QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT: A comparative study of the concentration of asbestos fibers in drinking water supplies of southeastern Quebec was undertaken to assess the relative contributions of fibers by asbestos-bearing railway ballast and naturally occurring asbestos deposits. Water samples were taken from areas where one or the other potential sources or neither potential source was present. In addition, rainwater samples were taken to assess the importance of atmospheric contributions. The sampling design accounted for potential variations in fiber counts due to the season, location and analytical procedures. Fiber concentrations were estimated from counts made on a JEOL 100CX scanning transmission electron microscope and statistically compared among areas. These levels were then compared with levels found in other areas of Canada and the United States. The results indicate that the rail ballast could be contributing statistically (albeit marginally) significant quantities of fibers to water supplies during the summer but not in the spring. Estimated concentrations in water supplies ranged between 1.7 × 10⁶fibers/liter and 147.8 × 10⁶fibers/liter. Fiber levels in samples taken during the spring were significantly higher and more variable than those taken during the summer. The presence of fibers in rainwater samples at concentrations of 1.9 × 10⁶fibers/liter, 18.3 × 10⁶fibers/liter and 23.7 × 10⁶fibers/liter suggests that atmospheric transport may play an important role in contributing fibers to regional systems. Fiber levels found in these systems are not unique when compared to levels observed elsewhere in North America.     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization

The characteristics of urban runoffs and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three different functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runoffs were higher than those of roof runoffs. The first flush effects in roof and road runoffs were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R~2, 0.87-0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD_5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an effective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runo characterization

The characteristics of urban runo s and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three di erent functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runo s were higher than those of roof runo s. The first flush e ects in roof and road runo s were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R2, 0.87–0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an e ective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.     

淮北市水资源现状分析与可持续利用

淮北市是以地下水作为主要供水水源的城市。多年的超量开采,已造成水位持续下降,供需矛盾日益突出,水资源已成为束缚城市经济可持续发展的重要瓶颈。本文在分析淮北市自然条件和水资源利用现状的基础上,提出了合理使用地下水,充分利用矿区塌陷地表水,开展雨水利用新途径,工业循环节约用水和依法治水等综合举措,对实现淮北市水资源可持续开发利用进行了可行性探讨。