废旧电容器存放点多氯联苯的污染特征

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定废旧电容器存放地点附近的土壤和植物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量.分析了羊茅草(Festuca.L)的叶和根中PCBs的变化,应用多元线性回归方法定量判别了PCBs污染类型,进而探讨了PCBs的分布特征.结果表明,存放点PCBs污染水平较高,污染类型与Aroclor 1248相似.随着离污染点距离的增加,PCBs浓度急剧下降.污染类型逐步偏离Aroclor 1248,二氯和三氯联苯的百分比升高,四氯和五氯联苯下降.表现出水相和气相传输的作用,在一般情况下,水相传输起主导作用.另外,PCBs在羊茅草的叶和根中浓度的比值有上升的趋势.这种变化趋势和PCBs大气传输过程相关联,大气传输的贡献随着距离的增加PCBs浓度水平逐步下降而逐步显现.     

Horizontal mergers in the iron ore industry—An application of PCAIDS

The purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyse the price effects of the iron ore mergers between Rio Tinto and North Ltd in 2000, and CVRD and Caemi in 2001. The analyses are conducted using a merger simulation model that, based on the pre-merger situation, estimates the post-merger outcome. This paper applies the so-called proportionality-calibrated almost ideal demand system (PCAIDS) model, which assumes that the product is differentiated and that the strategic variable is price. The results from the merger simulations show that in the case of the merger between Rio Tinto and North Ltd, the merged firm has a combined market share of almost 20%. However, the estimated market weighted average price effect is only 2.6%. Regarding the merger between CVRD and Caemi, the merged firm's market share is about 29%, and the estimated market weighted average price effect is 4.6%. When removing Caemi's Canadian asset, which was the Commission decision in order to allow the merger, the market price effect decreases to 3.1%. Overall the results in this study support the Commission's decisions regarding both merger cases, and shows that merger simulations of price effects can be valuable tools in merger assessments.     

Plant and Soil System Responses to Ozone After 3 Years in a Lysimeter Study with Juvenile Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

A lysimeter study was performed to monitor effects of elevated ozone on juvenile trees of Fagus sylvatica L. as well as on the plant–soil system. During a fumigation period over almost three growing seasons, parameters related to plant growth, phenological development and physiology as well as soil functions were studied. The data analyses identified elevated ozone to delay leaf phenology at early and to accelerate it at late developmental stages, to reduce growth, some leaf nutrients (Ca, K) as well as some soluble phenolics (hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, total flavonol glycosides). No or very weak ozone effects were found in mobile carbon pools of leaves (starch, sucrose), and other phenolic compounds (flavans). Altered gene expression related to stress and carbon cycling corresponded well with findings from leaf phenology and chemical composition analyses indicating earlier senescence and oxidative stress in leaves under elevated ozone. Conversely in the soil system, no effects of ozone were detected on soil enzyme activities, rates of litter degradation and lysimeter water balances. Despite the fact that the three reported years 2003–2005 were climatically very contrasting including a hot and dry as well as an extremely wet summer, and also mild as well as cold winters, the influence of ozone on a number of plant parameters is remarkably consistent, further underlining the phytotoxic potential of elevated tropospheric ozone levels.     

Bacterial pretreatment enhances removal of heavy metals during treatment of post-methanated distillery effluent by Typha angustata L

A combination of bacterial pretreatment followed by free water surface flow through wetland plants was investigated to determine its effect on removal of heavy metals in bioremediation of post-methanated distillery effluent (PMDE). The bacterial pretreatment was intended to transform the metal complexes and organic pollutants into simpler, biologically assimilable molecules. The 10% and 30% v/v concentrations of PMDE favored luxuriant bacterial growth; the 50% concentration supported less growth, whereas the undiluted effluent (i.e., 100%) supported very little bacterial growth. The use of bacterial pretreatment combined with the constructed wetland system greatly increase the overall bioaccumulation of all heavy metals by the plants compared with the control treatment. However, the integration of bacterial pretreatment of PMDE with the Typha angustata resulted in enhanced removal of Cd (34.02–61.50% increase), Cr (35.90–57.60% increase), Cu (32.88–54.22% increase), Fe (32.50–51.26% increase), Mn (35.99–82.85% increase), Ni (35.85–59.24% increase), Pb (33.45–59.51% increase) and Zn (31.95–53.70% increase) compared with a control that lacked this pretreatment. In addition to the bioaccumulation of these heavy metals, several physico-chemical parameters also improved at the 30% effluent concentration: color, BOD, COD, phenol and total nitrogen decreased by 98.33%, 98.89%, 98.50%, 93.75% and 82.39%, respectively, after 7 days of free water surface flow treatment. The results suggest that bacterial pretreatment of PMDE, integrated with phytoremediation will improve the treatment process of PMDE and promote safer disposal of this waste.     

非离子型表面活性剂AE对大薸损伤程度的酶学诊断

以超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和过氧化物酶 (POD)的比活力变化作为观测指标 ,进行了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚 (AE)对大薸 (PistiastratiotesL .)损伤程度的酶学诊断 .结果表明 :在 17℃下 ,ρ(AE) 0 .1mg L的AE对大薸的伤害程度极微 ;ρ(AE)为 1.0、10 .0mg L时 ,大薸受到较大的伤害 ,但能逐渐恢复正常生理活动 ;ρ(AE)为 2 0 .0、5 0 .0mg L时 ,由于伤害程度大 ,超出了酶的修复能力 ,组织逐渐坏死 .同时推测 :在AE污染下 ,大薸的POD是起保护作用的主导酶 .图 3表 1参 12     

Accumulation of Fluoride and Aluminium Related to Different Varieties of Tea Plant

Samples of young shoot, mature leaf, twig, root, and litter were taken from four recently bred varieties Zhe-nong 113, Zhe-nong 121, Zi-sun, and Bi-feng grown at two tea plantations located at Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces. The results showed that the concentrations of F and Al in tea plants were significantly different among the four varieties. It is therefore possible that F and Al concentrations in tea products can be reduced through variety selection. The results also revealed that old leaves would be the major contribution to the high levels of F and Al in brick tea since it is produced mainly for old leaves. Therefore, in order to eliminate the hazard of over-exposure to F and Al derived from tea, younger shoot should be used for making tea products while mature leaves should be avoided.     

金鱼藻与环棱螺对铜绿微囊藻生长及光合活性的抑制作用

沉水植物和螺类是生物防治有害水华的重要手段,然而目前关于这两者对有害蓝藻的协同抑制效率和作用机制尚不清楚.本研究利用沉水植物金鱼藻与铜锈环棱螺在实验室内探究草-螺组合系统对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）生长的抑制效果.结果表明,金鱼藻组、环棱螺组及草-螺组合系统均显著降低了体系内蓝藻Chl-a浓度、总Chl-a浓度和铜绿微囊藻密度,与初始相比,蓝藻活体Chl-a浓度分别减少99.24%、100.00%和98.61%,铜绿微囊藻密度分别减少98.64%、86.44%和97.71%.草-螺共培养和金鱼藻单独培养均可以显著抑制铜绿微囊藻生长,效果相似,而环棱螺单独培养可以使蓝藻Chl-a浓度和光曲线参数值降为零,同时使得微囊藻细胞全部失活.金鱼藻与环棱螺都可以降低铜绿微囊藻光合活性,草-螺共培养系统可以最大程度降低藻类整体的生长潜能.研究发现,草-螺耦合系统对铜绿微囊藻的总体抑制效率略低于两者单独抑制效率,表明金鱼藻和环棱螺在此过程中存在微弱的拮抗作用,但由于草-螺耦合系统的抑制成效同样显著,且抑制途径更多样,同时能更好地维持水体营养盐平衡.在实践过程中建议加强沉...     

阴角邻面火灾作用下L型钢管混凝土柱耐火极限研究

运用有限元软件ABAQUS计算L形带肋钢管混凝土柱阴角相邻两面受火全过程下的耐火极限,分析了阴角邻面受火方式下构件内部温度场和应力场的变化规律,在此基础上分析荷载比、宽厚比、计算长度、加劲肋纵向间距、荷载偏心率、荷载角等参数对耐火极限的影响规律。数据表明:荷载比、计算长度对构件耐火极限影响较大,随着荷载比和计算长度的增大,耐火极限基本呈线性下降;加劲肋间距对构件耐火性能影响较小;由于L形柱的特殊形式,偏心荷载对耐火极限的影响规律较复杂,荷载作用点偏向低温区可以提高耐火极限。     

3种镉超富集植物毛状根体系对镉胁迫响应的比较

近年来,转基因毛状根组织被越来越多地应用于重金属和有机污染物的植物修复技术研究中,已成为进行污染物毒性响应机制研究的便捷的实验室工具。为了探究龙葵、油菜、芥菜3种镉(cadmium,Cd)超富集植物对Cd毒性胁迫响应的差异,以诱导出的3种植物毛状根为研究材料,从毛状根的生长状态、富集Cd的能力、根组织细胞的凋亡程度和抗氧化酶活性等方面进行了探讨。结果表明:Cd浓度为0~50μmol·L-1时,龙葵、油菜、芥菜毛状根受Cd毒害的影响都不明显;Cd浓度为75~100μmol·L-1时,龙葵、油菜、芥菜毛状根均表现出对Cd胁迫的防御响应。在较高的Cd浓度(100μmol·L-1)下,龙葵毛状根的生物量受Cd毒害的影响最小,芥菜次之,油菜受影响最大;同时龙葵毛状根富集的Cd含量最高(745.0μg·g-1),芥菜次之(681.4μg·g-1),油菜最差(505.2μg·g-1)。龙葵、油菜、芥菜毛状根在Cd胁迫下的细胞凋亡水平均随Cd浓度的升高而升高,当Cd浓度为100μmol·L-1时,龙葵毛状根比油菜和芥菜毛状根的细胞凋亡程度均低。同时3种植物毛状根在不同浓度Cd处理下抗氧化酶活性的变化有一定差异。从上述结果综合来看,龙葵毛状根受Cd毒害的影响最小、富集Cd的能力最好,是进一步开展Cd超富集植物转基因改造研究的较好的实验室载体。     

Application of treated wastewater and digested sewage sludge to obtain biodiesel from Helianthus annuus L. seeds oil

Waste from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for Helianthus annuus L. production may be a viable solution to obtain biodiesel. This study achieved two objectives: assess the agronomical viability of waste (wastewater and sludge) from the Alcázar de San Juan WWTP in central Spain for H. annuus L. production; use H. annuus L. seeds grown in this way to obtain biodiesel. Five study plots, each measuring 6 m × 6 m (36 m²), were set up on the agricultural land near the Alcázar de San Juan WWTP. Five fertilizer treatment types were considered: drinking water, as the control; treated wastewater; 10 t ha^?1 of air-dried sewage sludge; 20 t ha^?1 of air-dried sewage sludge; 0.6 t ha^?1 of commercial inorganic fertilizer. Soil, irrigation water, sewage sludge, crop development and fatty acid composition in achenes oil were monitored. The 20 t ha^–1 dose of sewage sludge proved effective to grow H. annuus L. with similar results to those grown with a commercial fertilizer. However, precautions should be taken when irrigating with wastewater because of high salinity and nutrient deficiency. Sunflower oil was composed mostly of linoleic and oleic acid. The remaining fatty acids were linolenic, estearic, nervonic, palmitoleic, and palmitic.