金沙江干热河谷地区不同含油量麻疯树种子的差异性

根据金沙江干热河谷地区麻疯树种子的含油量,将麻疯树种子分为组Ⅰ(26%~30%)、组Ⅱ(30%~34%)、组Ⅲ(34%~38%)、组Ⅳ(38%~42%).该地区种子体积介于1.544~1.680 cm3之间;其中组Ⅱ的种子最大(1.680 cm3),组Ⅳ的种子最小(1.544 cm3).组Ⅱ种子的百粒重同样为最高(69.367 g),组Ⅲ的种子最轻(62.313 g).出仁率从低到高依次为:组Ⅰ(61.752%)<组Ⅲ(63.352%)<组Ⅱ(64.132%)<组Ⅳ(65.192%).百粒种子产油量从组Ⅰ到组Ⅳ逐渐升高(17.731~25.342 g).1H-NMR图谱分析发现,各组种子之间的脂肪酸组成无明显差异,而脂肪酸成分的含量存在显著差异.种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数随含油量的增加而升高,种子的吸胀速率则相反.种子含油量与种子大小的相关性不显著,与种子质量、出仁率、种子产油量、脂肪酸组成、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和吸胀速率之间则都有着极显著的相关性.图3表4参30     

耕作方式对太湖地区冬小麦生长季N_2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年11月至2010年6月冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生长季N2O排放通量进行田间原位观测,研究不同耕作方式(免耕、少耕、传统耕作)对太湖地区稻麦轮作系统麦季土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明:有植株参与下免耕、少耕和传统耕作的冬小麦生长季N2O平均排放通量分别为63.75μg·m-2·h-1、39.94μg·m-2.h-1和48.83μg·m-2·h-1,无植株参与下分别为73.48μg·m-2·h-1、52.97μg·m-2·h-1和63.60μg·m-2·h-1,麦季N2O排放通量的季节变化与5 cm、10 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著线性正相关(r=0.400*～0.654**,n=28)。小麦种植对N2O的排放影响较大,无植株参与的N2O季节总排放量显著高于有植株参与的处理(P<0.05);耕作方式显著影响冬小麦农田N2O季节总排放量(P<0.05),有植株参与下麦季N2O总排放量少耕较免耕和传统耕作分别减少37.3%和17.9%,无植株参与下分别减少28.0%和16.7%。研究表明太湖地区冬小麦采用少耕措施可减少麦季N2O的排放。     

The forgotten resource curse: South Africa's poor experience with mineral extraction

Studies of the resource curse as it affects African states abound, yet few deal specifically with the experiences of South Africa. The inability of countries to convert natural resource wealth into income and improved development measures remains highly pertinent and is especially apparent in Africa's largest economy. This paper takes a unique approach to study the resource curse by comparing South Africa's political economy with the existing resource curse literature. Using data from international organisations, studies of poverty and qualitative evidence this paper examines South Africa's experience with mineral extraction. It is found that South Africa has experienced many of the symptoms outlined in the resource curse literature including relatively slow GDP growth, gross inequalities, entrenched poverty and the creation of a rentier state. Overall, it is concluded that South Africa has failed to benefit from natural resource wealth and can be classified as a resource cursed state. Not only has mineral wealth failed to benefit much of South Africa's population, sections of society have actually been harmed through the process of mineral extraction. This paper is the first to examine South Africa in light of the current resource curse literature and to conclude that the state far more closely resembles its sub-Saharan African neighbours than its upper-middle income peers.     

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek (3%) (aerial parts: leaves and stems (LS), roots (R), ground seeds (GS) and not ground seeds (NGS)) and petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria sp., Pythium aphanidermatum, and Rhizoctinia solani. All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory e ects was species and plant parts dependent. R extract was shown less toxic (30.38%), whereas NGS extract expressed the strongest inhibition, with an average of 71.44%, followed by GS (58.56%) and LS (57.1%). Screening indicated that P. aphanidermatum was the most resistant species, with an average inhibition of 34.5%. F. graminearum, Alternaria sp. and R. solani were the most sensitive species, and were similarly inhibited (63.5%). The stability test indicated that the aqueous extracts of all plant parts lost approximately 50% of their relative activity after one month of storage at 4°C, whilst they lost 60%–90% of their activity when stored at ambient temperature for one month. The antifungal activity resided mainly in the methanol fraction and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol fraction witch caused total inhibition of R. solani and Alternaria sp. was 60 g/ml. Results of current study suggested that the constituents of Trigonella foenum-graecum have potential against harmful pathogenic fungi. Therefore, fenugreek could be an important source of biologically active compounds useful for developing better new antifungal drugs.     

Effect of chromium on growth attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment. In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium-contaminated soil in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth attributes. Three different levels of chromium (Cr) i.e., 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg were applied to three varieties of sunflower (G-3, G-9, and G-59). The results of morphological, chemical, and yield parameters were recorded at crop maturity. The result showed that germination, root, and shoot lengths were decreased with increase in Cr concentrations. A gradual decrease was observed for various morphological parameters like root fresh and dry weights, shoot fresh and dry weights, and plant height with increase in Cr levels. A comparison among Cr treatments obtained a significant decrease in yield parameters as achenes/capitulum, achenes/plant, and 100 achenes weight in three varieties. Cr was significantly absorbed by roots but its transport to other parts of plants was slow, and uptake in seeds was much lower than in roots and shoots.     

Experimental study of the influence of particle size on Minimum Explosible Concentration of sulfur dust

Despite the extensive use of sulfur in the industry, very little information is available in the literature on its key dust explosion properties. The work presented in this paper contributes to filling the current knowledge gaps on sulfur dust explosion properties and focuses on the experimental determination of the MEC of sulfur dust using a Modified Hartmann Tube and a 20 L dust explosion sphere. First, the MEC of sulfur dust samples collected at a sulfur production facility from areas prone to the generation of fine sulfur dust was measured. The results showed that these sulfur dust samples are fine enough to cause dust explosions with 55 ± 5< MEC <105 ± 5 g/m³. Second, the influence of the particle size of sulfur dust was investigated with both equipment. The use of the Modified Hartmann Tube for MEC determination showed that the MEC increases with increasing particle size in the particle size range of 0–2000 μm. Unlike the Modified Hartmann Tube, MEC experiments done in the 20 L Sphere did not allow the quantification of the influence of the particle size on the MEC. These results were explained by the phenomenon of particle breakage induced by the 20 L Sphere's dispersion mechanism. Additional experiments with the 20 L sphere confirmed the particle breakage of sulfur dust particles and showed that it is inversely proportional to dust concentration and proportional to the dust's original particle size distribution.     

Extraction of 17β-estradiol in water using non-imprinted polymer submicron particles in membrane filters

17β-Estradiol (E2) is an endocrine disrupting chemical of harm to both animals and human beings at a low concentration level (ng/L). It cannot be completely removed by wastewater treatments, and is often detected in both environment and drinking waters. The purpose of this feasibility study, towards environmental engineering in the field of water analysis and treatment, was to remove E2 by extraction using non-imprinted polymer (NIP) submicron particles. Experimental results showed that 0.5 mg/L of E2 could be completely extracted by adding 10 mg of NIP particles directly into 10 mL of water. However, the extraction efficiency decreased to 64% for 100 mL of water. prefilling the NIP particles inside a membrane filter showed a potential for water treatment of a large volume, requiring no effort to distribute the particles uniformly in the water. High extraction efficiency (80 ± 10)% for E2 was achieved for 100 mL of water. A total mass of 0.29 mg E2 was extracted from 1000 mL of water containing 0.8 mg/L E2 (by using only 10 mg of NIP particles). Both efficiency and mass capacity can be increased, by scaling up the amount of NIP particles, towards environmental engineering applications.     

蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis L.)修复洞庭湖土壤Cd污染的强化措施研究

〖HTSS〗洞庭湖土壤镉污染严重,蒌蒿（Artemisia selengensis L.）是在洞庭湖湿地新发现的一种对镉具有较强富集能力的优势植物,已证实该种植物对土壤中的镉具有较好的修复效果和潜能,将来可作为洞庭湖土壤镉污染的理想修复材料。以南洞庭湖Cd污染土壤为栽培基质,分别在蒌蒿幼苗期、成株期添加EDTA等7种螯合剂和调控物质,研究了不同添加物对蒌蒿生长状况及Cd富集效果的影响。结果表明,HEDTA、EDTA、DTPA等3种螯合剂不同程度地降低了蒌蒿地上部分的生物量,但增加了土壤中有效态Cd的含量,使蒌蒿茎叶中Cd的富集浓度分别上升了35.5%、984%、421%,可显著提高蒌蒿的修复效果;生石灰的添加则使土壤有效态Cd明显减少,抑制了蒌蒿对Cd的富集;有机腐殖质和复合肥的施加虽促进了蒌蒿生长,但未对其富集效果产生显著影响;幼苗期施加调控物质,在植株生物量、Cd富集浓度及土壤有效态Cd含量等方面造成的影响均大于成株期     

硝普钠对镧胁迫下黑麦草幼苗光合特性及矿质元素吸收的影响

为了探讨一氧化氮(NO)对镧(La)胁迫下牧草生理响应的调节作用,采用水培方法,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对300μmol·L-1LaCl3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗光合特性及矿质元素吸收的影响.结果表明,在La胁迫下,喷施50μmol·L-1SNP显著提高了黑麦草根尖和叶片中NO的含量,叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭(qP)和地上部K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn及根系K、Ca、Mg、P、Zn、Fe含量显著提高;叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、非光化学猝灭(NPQ)及地上部La、P和根系Mn含量明显降低.表明NO可通过改善叶片光合活性,维持矿质元素平衡,从而缓解La胁迫对黑麦草光合作用的抑制.     

土壤甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对蚯蚓及小麦的毒性效应

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)和小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为受试生物,研究了土壤中甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯等苯系物(TEX)的毒性效应.结果表明,3种污染物对赤子爱胜蚓和小麦毒性影响呈明显的剂量-效应关系,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对蚯蚓的24hLC50分别为583.6,346.8,192.4mg/kg;48h LC50分别为454.3,167.1,127.2mg/kg.甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对小麦芽伸长的10%抑制率(IC10)分别为342.2,195.4,45.9mg/kg;对小麦根伸长的10%抑制率(IC10)分别为206.7,134.5,26.3mg/kg.小麦芽长、根长均可用于指示土壤被甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯污染的程度,但小麦种子根长对3种污染物胁迫的响应较芽长更为敏感,根长抑制率与芽长抑制率之间呈明显的相关关系.