Heavy metal accumulation of urban domestic rubbish compost in turfgrass by EDTA chelating

Seven kinds of heavy metal accumulation of rubbish compost in turfgrass by EDTA chelating were investigated. With EDTA application, heavy metal accumulation by two species of turfgrass was increased significantly. The enrichment coefficients of Lolium perenne L（L） and Festuca arundinacea L（F） to Cr reached 9.4.5 and 6.15 respectively. In the range of EDTA dosages given, heavy metal accumulation in turfgrass increased with increasing EDTA level. There were significant differences in remediation of different metals by applying EDTA. L had high ability to accumulate Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn, showing better remediation to heavy metals of rubbish compost. In contrast, F showed high ability to accumulate Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn. Low EDTA level increased aboveground net primary production （ANP） of turfgrass, but EDTA would considerably inhibit it when EDTA was higher than 20 mmol/kg. The results demonstrated that the optimum dosage of EDTA for remediating heavy metals in rubbish compost by turfgrass was between 10 mmol/kg and 20 mmol/kg.     

颗粒物捕集器在港口疏浚监测中的应用

颗粒物捕集器技术首次应用到港口疏浚监测中，通过对现场疏浚悬浮颗粒物的监测以及对生物的急性半致死浓度的模拟实验研究，建立了一套较完整的疏浚监测系统和技术，可以更有效和直观地反映疏浚过程中对养殖海区生物的影响。现场调查和实验结果表明：在疏浚区和养殖区交界处疏浚悬浮物在海水表面的垂直通量为１２．６８ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２．ｄ），中层为２５．４１ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２．ｄ）；在养殖中心区表层为７．５８ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２     

PAC-MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能研究

研究了粉末活性炭（PAC）作为载体的膜生物反应器（MBR）处理吹脱后垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能。在HRT=3d、NH4^＋N=200～500mg／L条件下，进水pH〉8．7时，PAC-MBR和没有添加PAC的普通MBR均只能将氨氮转化为NO2^-；降低pH至7．6～8．2时，PAC—MBR中的亚硝酸盐氧化菌迅速恢复活性，将NO／完全转化为硝酸盐，而普通MBR仍然停留在亚硝化阶段；当吹脱取消后，NO／迅速消失，这可能与取消吹脱后，不再使用大量硫酸进行pH调节有关。研究发现，当SO4^2-为3g／L时，氨氮氧化速度出现了明显的下降，表明SO4^2-对硝化菌具有抑制作用；同时，微生物代谢产物（SMP）分泌量越高，NO2^-含量越低，但是SMP不是影响NO2^-积累的主要原因。     

Response of antioxidants in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown on different amendments of tannery sludge: its metal accumulation potential

The interaction of metals present in tannery waste and their tolerance in the plants of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was studied in the present paper under field conditions. Effects of 100% tannery sludge and various amendments of tannery sludge (10%, 25%, 35%, 50%, 75%) along with one set of control were studied on the physiological and biochemical parameters of the plant along with their metal accumulation potential after 30, 60 and 90 d after sowing. The plants of H. annuus were found effective in the accumulation of metals (Cr, Fe, Zn and Mn) in roots, shoots and leaves, however, the level of toxic metal, Cr was found below detection limit in the seeds of the plant. The oil was extracted from the seeds of the plant and the level of oil content was increased up to 35% tannery sludge as compared to control followed by decrease at higher tannery sludge ratio. An increase in the chlorophyll, protein, cysteine, non-protein thiol and sugar contents was observed at the lower amendment of tannery sludge at initial exposure periods followed by decrease than their respective controls. Malondialdehyde content in the roots and leaves was increased beyond 50% sludge amendments at all the exposure periods as compared to control. However, proline and ascorbic acid contents of the roots and leaves of the plant increased at all the exposure periods and sludge amendments, compared to their respective controls.     

Allocation of nitrogen and carbon in an estuarine salt marsh in Portugal

Above and below-ground biomass and nitrogen and carbon composition ofSpartina maritima, Halimione portulacoides andArthrocnemum perenne, dominating species in plant communities of the lower, middle and higher salt marsh, respectively, were compared in an estuarine salt marsh in Portugal. Plant and soil nitrogen and carbon pools were estimated. For all three species root biomass was significantly higher (70–92% of total biomass) than above-ground biomass. The percentage of root biomass was related to the location of the plants in the marsh: higher values were found in plants growing in the lower salt marsh where the sediment was more unstable and subject to tidal action, which stresses the role of the roots as an anchor. For all three species nitrogen concentrations were highest in leaves, reflecting the photosynthetic role of the tissue. For carbon higher concentrations were found in the stems, with the exception ofS. maritima. In general, lower nitrogen concentrations were found in summer, which can be explained by dilution processes due to plant growth. For both nitrogen and carbon, higher concentrations were found in the soil surface layers. Higher soil nitrogen and carbon levels were associated with higher organic matter contents. Most of the nitrogen in the salt marsh occurred in the sediments (0–40 cm) and only ca. 5.7–13.3% of the total was found in the plants. The greater portion (76.5%–86%) of carbon was found in the sediment.     

Comparison of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants from disturbed and adjacent undisturbed regions of a coastal salt marsh in Clinton,Connecticut, USA

Roots of salt marsh plant speciesSpartina alterniflora, S. patens, Distichlis spicata, and others were examined for the presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Samples were taken from introduced planted material in a salt marsh restoration project and from native material in adjacent marsh areas along the Indian River, Clinton, Connecticut, USA. After ten years the replanted area still has sites devoid of vegetation. The salt marsh plants introduced there were devoid of VAM fungi, while high marsh species from the adjacent undisturbed region showed consistent infection, leading the authors to suggest that VAM fungal infection of planting stocks may be a factor in the success of marsh restoration.     

长江口南汇东滩淤涨演变分析

根据1983－1999年历年地形测图和1999年4月-2000年3月潮滩断面定位观测的相对高程记录，结合潮滩水文泥沙观测资料，对长江口南汇东滩的淤涨演变进行分析。结果表明，不断淤涨的平缓潮滩在风暴浪和常浪作用下发生相就应的突变和渐变，并且常浪对滩面起洗平作用，而风暴浪对滩面起掀掘作用。潮流携带细颗粒泥沙塑造潮滩，通过上、下滩水体含沙量之差可计算潮滩的堆积速率，从滩坡平衡原理可计算潮滩水平扩展趋势。计算结果得到南汇潮滩堆积速率为4．5cm/a，淤涨速率40－50m／a，写实测资料相符。     

Effects of water depth and litter accumulation on morpho-ecological adaptations of Eleocharis sphacelata

The morpho-ecological adaptations of Eleocharis sphacelata in response to water depth and the sequential effects of resultant differences in deep water conditions on the long term population dynamics were investigated based on the observations carried out in three stable homogeneous populations in Goulburn and Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia from August 2003 to May 2005. The deep water populations attained a higher harvestable shoot biomass and a lower rhizome biomass with increased growth in root structure thus significantly enhancing the nutrient uptake rates leading to a higher accumulation of shoot bound macronutrients. However, the accretion of excessive amounts of autogenous shoot litter coupled with slower decomposition rates under anaerobic conditions in the two deep water populations led to higher nutrient enrichment in sediments and overlying water column causing subsequent eutrophication with signs of growth inhibition including typical stress symptoms like stunted growth and chlorotic shoots. The shallow water population that intermittently experienced alternative inundation-drawdown pattern depicted an unaffected continuation of seasonal growth affirming that strict water regime management practices coupled with timely mowing or the removal of accumulating litter are necessary to ensure long-term survival of healthy E. sphacelata stands when it is used in applications where deep water conditions prevail.     

Radionuclides in the Ecosystem of Lake Tygish in the Zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace

The radioecological situation in Lake Tygish is described. The lake is situated on the central axis of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT), which was formed after the nuclear accident in the Southern Urals in 1957. The distributions of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs among the main components of the water body and the results of the measurement of tritium concentration in the water are presented. Mathematical models are described that have made it possible to estimate changes in the concentrations of radionuclides and their amounts accumulated in the water and bottom sediments of the lake during the long period after the accident and to predict the development of the radioecological situation in the lake until 2057. Based on the mathematical models, more accurate data on the initial ecological situation in the lake in the year of the accident have been obtained.     

3种烤烟中Cd分配累积规律及土壤Cd安全临界值的研究

为保证烤烟生产的安全,降低重金属对人体的毒害,对植烟土壤重金属安全临界值进行推算.通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了3个烤烟品种翠碧1号、K326和云烟87对Cd的累积和分配规律,土壤中Cd2+添加量分别为0、0.5 mg/kg、1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg,并采用回归分析方法计算了植烟土壤Cd的安全临界值.结果表明,烤烟Cd质量比受外源Cd添加量影响较大,下部叶Cd质量比总是高于其他部位.随Cd添加量增大,各部位Cd质量比上升且差别逐渐增大.Cd在土壤-根的转移系数较低,地上部各部位对土壤Cd转移系数的平均值表明,翠碧1号对Cd富集能力略强,而K326较弱.外源Cd的添加导致土壤-下部叶Cd的转移系数达最高,Cd在根-下部叶的转移系数明显高于其他部位间的转移系数,并使Cd在烤烟植株各部位间的转移系数呈先增后降的趋势.烤烟地上部的Cd累积量均高于根部,其中中、下部叶Cd累积量最多,而上部叶较少.经推算得出,烤烟叶片Cd的最高允许质量比为5.79 mg/kg,由烤烟中部叶Cd质量比与土壤有效Cd质量比的回归模型得到,3种烤烟的植烟土壤的安全临界值分别为0.17 mg/kg(翠碧1号)、0.19 mg/kg(K326)和0.15 mg/kg(云烟87),云烟87的土壤安全临界值可以作为制定福建烟区土壤Cd的安全临界值依据.