蓖麻（Ric inus communist L.）对锰矿区土壤中重金属累积特性的研究

为探讨蓖麻（Ricinus communist L.）对锰矿区土壤生态修复及能源化利用潜力,将不同品种蓖麻湘蓖1号和淄蓖7号播种在锰尾矿库土壤上,进入生殖生长阶段时采收全株,测定栽植土壤及植株根、茎、叶中5种重金属元素含量。结果显示：土壤中Mn平均含量最高达7884.96 mg＆#183;kg-1,超过国家规定的土壤环境质量域级标准6.5倍;湘蓖1号不同器官的Mn浓度从高至低为根＆gt;叶＆gt;茎,淄蓖7号不同器官Mn含量叶＆gt;茎＆gt;根,其叶中Mn平均浓度最高为765.43 mg＆#183;kg-1,较湘蓖1号叶中的平均含量高出79.53%, Pb、Cu、Cr含量及叶/根比值均大于湘蓖1号;植株体内重金属含量与土壤中重金属浓度的相关分析表明,重金属的积累量和转移量,受到土壤中几种重金属元素的共同影响。结果说明：2个品种的蓖麻均可以作为锰矿区能源化修复利用,对重金属的吸收和转运在品种间存在差异,淄蓖7号地上部分对重金属的迁移能力强于湘蓖1号。     

短程反硝化的启动及多参数优化下NO2--N积累特性

采用本实验室长期培养的厌氧（S-A）、好氧（S-O）和交替厌氧/好氧（S-A/O）活性污泥为种泥,分别启动短程反硝化SBR反应器R1、R2和R3,控制进水C/N比为3,缺氧搅拌时间为1h时,在第15d、7d和4d亚硝酸盐积累率（NAR）分别达到75.34%、84.51%和86.23%.选取C/N比、初始pH值、缺氧搅拌时间和初始NO₃^--N浓度对NAR进行四因素三水平响应面实验,方差分析结果表明,以上因素对NAR均有显著影响（P<0.05）,模型R²为0.983.通过模型预测得最佳运行条件：C/N比为3.16,初始pH值为8.51,缺氧搅拌时间为1.27h,初始NO₃^--N浓度为60mg/L的条件下,NAR高达91.32%.     

Accumulation and Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Andisols after a Different, 6-year Fertilization Management (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Andisols are widespread in Japan and have some special properties such as high anion exchange capacity, low bulk density, and high organic matter content, which might influence the accumulation or chemical fractionation of heavy metals. However, few such data exist in Japanese andisols. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the soil profiles and subsequently to assess their potential environmental hazard. Materials and Methods Soil samples were taken from a field experiment conducted on Japanese andisols, which had received either swine compost or chemical fertilizers for 6 years. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr were determined for all of the obtained extract solutions by ICP-AES. Results and Discussion Considerably higher total concentrations of Cu and Zn were observed in the top 20 cm layer of the compost-amended soil, relative to the unfertilized soil, while chemical fertilizers had little effect. Application of the swine compost increased the concentrations of Cu and Zn, but not Ni and Cr, in all fractions in the top 20 cm layer. The greatest increase in the organically bound fraction (OM) Cu and dilute acid-exchangeable fraction (DAEXCH) Zn was observed. This suggests that Cu and Zn are potentially bioavailable and mobile in the andisol profiles after 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost. On the other hand, distribution of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr among various soil fractions was generally unaffected by chemical fertilizers. Conclusions We observed that 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost led to an increase in total metals of Cu and Zn, as well as their all-chemical fractions, in the top 20 cm soil layers. Potential hazard of heavy metals, especially of Cu and Zn, as a result of the use of swine compost on andisols, must be taken into account. Recommendations and Outlook The long-term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals, particularly Cu and Zn, in various plant tissues and soils, as well as their potential risk to surface water via runoff and groundwater via leaching, needs to be carefully considered. Further investigations in the long-term experiments are therefore necessary. - Abbreviations. EXCH, exchangeable fraction of metals; DAEXCH, dilute acid-exchangeable fraction of metals; FeMnOX, iron and manganese-oxide-bound fraction; OM, organically-bound fraction; RESD, residual fraction. COMPOST, SRNF, RANF, and CONTROL stand for compost (from swine wastes), slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (coated urea), readily available nitrogen fertilizer (including NH4-N, P, and K fertilizers), and no fertilizer application, respectively.     

基于DGT技术的广西碳酸盐岩区稻米镉含量主控因素

为探究广西碳酸盐岩区水稻在地质高背景下影响稻米Cd富集的主控因素,以广西西南部和北部碳酸盐岩区水稻籽粒-根系土壤样品为基础,同时结合梯度扩散薄膜技术(DGT),分析讨论了土壤pH、有机质(OM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和DGT-Cd等与水稻籽粒ω(rice-Cd)-BCF值的关系,通过主成分分析确定主要因素并建立定量模...     

珠江口和邻近海域沉积有机质的来源及其沉积通量的时空变化

分析了珠江口和邻近海域沉积有机质(OM)的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及稳定碳同位素组成〔δ(13C)〕等地球化学参数,并对有机质的来源和沉积通量进行了研究. 结果表明,珠江口沉积有机质来自大陆(52%)和水生(48%)混合来源;而邻近海域沉积有机质主要为水生来源(93%). 珠江口陆源有机质含量〔w(T－OC)为5.4 　mg/g〕远远高于邻近海域(0.49 　mg/g),近年来珠江口TOC和陆源有机质(T-OC)的平均沉积通量分别为5.57和2.2～3.6 mg/(cm2·a),说明珠江河口接受了大量的陆源有机物的输入,这是由于自20世纪后期的几十年以来,华南地区经济快速增长造成大量土地开垦,以及工农业生产和生活污水的排放所致. 珠江口和邻近海域的水生有机质沉积通量在近年均呈增加趋势,在珠江口达到最大值3.6 mg/(cm2·a),说明大量的营养物质导致水体的富营养化,从而促使水域初级生产力的增长.      

污泥水富集硝化菌和强化城市污水低污泥龄硝化

采用西安市邓家村污水处理厂污泥水富集硝化菌(1号反应器内进行),对低污泥龄(6 d)下的模拟城市污水处理系统(2号反应器内进行)进行生物添加,比较了添加前后城市污水处理系统的硝化效果及其活性污泥特性,考察了利用污泥水富集硝化菌并进行生物添加强化硝化的可行性.结果表明,1号反应器的活性污泥的最大氨氧化速率可达81.4 mg/(L·h);添加进行后,2号反应器的出水氨氮浓度以0.992 mg/(L·d)(R2=0.903)的速度呈线性下降,添加稳定后的2号反应器内活性污泥的最大氨氧化速率为添加前的2.36倍;添加停止后,出水氨氮浓度以1.956 mg/(L·d)(R2=0.999)速率上升,但在添加停止34 d后因添加所引起的硝化能力并未完全消失;虽然在添加初期,2号反应器内的原生动物数量与种类以及SVI值都明显增加,但在添加稳定后,基本恢复至添加前的状态.     

城市不同功能区PAHs多介质累积规律研究

以上海市为例,分析了城市地表灰尘、土壤和行道树叶片累积PAHs的水平差异,探讨了形成这种累积规律的原因与机制.结果发现,同一功能区内,地表灰尘和土壤中PAHs含量较高,分别为8 992～141 723 ng·g-1(均值为54 964 ng·g-1)、9 306～146 689 ng·g-1(均值为56 883 ng·g-1);而悬铃木叶片和小叶黄杨叶片内含量较低,且悬铃木叶片中的含量普遍高于小叶黄杨叶片,含量分别为2 423～32 883 ng·g-1(均值为12 983 ng·g-1)、1 498～19 418 ng·g-1(均值为7 612 ng·g-1).不同功能区之间,地表灰尘和土壤中PAHs总量存在显著差异,而悬铃木叶片和小叶黄杨叶片对PAHs的累积水平相似.灰尘和土壤中PAHs组分构成具有明显的功能区差异,且高环PAHs含量占主导地位.植物叶片中PAHs组分构成在不同功能区具有相似性,且低环组分占绝对优势,高环组分含量很少.这种累积规律与PAHs的理化性质,以及各介质累积PAHs的主要途径和方式密切相关.     

外源锌对不同番茄品种抗氧化酶活性、镉积累及化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(10 mg·kg-1)污染下,叶面喷施不同浓度Zn(0、50、100、200和400μmol·L-1)对2个番茄品种‘4641’和‘渝粉109’生长、抗氧化酶活性及番茄果实Cd形态和积累量的影响.结果表明,喷施Zn后,番茄根、茎、果实干质量和植株总干质量以及体内Cd含量和积累量在2个品种之间的差异达到了显著水平(p0.05).外源Zn(≤200μmol·L-1)提高了2个番茄品种的果实、根、茎、叶及总干质量.随Zn浓度的增加,2个品种根CAT活性以及‘渝粉109’根POD活性先增加然后降低;2个品种根SOD活性则呈先降后升再降趋势.番茄果实中各形态Cd含量的顺序为:残渣态Cd(FR)盐酸提取态Cd(FHCl)氯化钠提取态Cd(FNaCl)乙醇提取态Cd(FE)醋酸提取态Cd(FHA c)去离子水提取态(FW).适量的Zn(≤200μmol·L-1)减少了2个番茄品种果实中各形态Cd含量,但高量Zn(400μmol·L-1)增加了‘渝粉109’果实中的FE、FR和‘4641’果实中FHCl及FR含量.Cd积累量为叶茎根或果实.叶面喷施Zn使番茄根、茎、叶和果实中的Cd含量分别降低了18.6%~41.7%、10.6%~36.7%、5.8%~21.5%和2.3%~12.7%.供试2个番茄品种,无论喷Zn与否,果实Cd含量和果实Cd积累量均为‘4641’‘渝粉109’,植株Cd总积累量则为‘4641’‘渝粉109’.     

薏米人工湿地根系分解及其铬元素的释放和化学形态变化

利用湿生植物薏米构建垂直流人工湿地,研究了不同浓度Cr6+(0、20、40 mg·L-1)处理对湿地植物薏米根系分解及铬元素含量和形态分布的影响,以期为研究根系中Cr的累积、形态转变及人工湿地高效处理含铬废水技术提供理论支持.结果表明:薏米根系前30 d分解快速,之后分解缓慢;20、40 mg·L-1Cr6+处理与对照相比,根系的分解速率分别降低了40.63%、55.56%.分解前期(0~45 d)根残体对Cr具有较强的吸附能力,分解后期(45~60 d)根残体吸附能力减弱,根残体的Cr含量为先升高后降低,分解60 d后根残体释放出Cr.分解过程中重金属活性较强的乙醇提取态(F1)和去离子水结合态(F2)的含量均显著降低;在分解60 d后,Cr6+胁迫下根残留体内Cr以醋酸提取态(F4)含量最高,其他形态次之;不处理Cr6+根残体内Cr以残渣态(F6)为主要优势,百分比高达76.76%.本研究表明,分解过程中根内Cr含量呈先增高后降低的趋势,Cr6+胁迫下降低了根系分解率,但没有提高Cr的生物活性.     

Effects of lanthanum（Ⅲ） on nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings under elevated UV-B radiation

The hydroponic culture experiments of soybean bean seedlings were conducted to investigate the effect of lanthanum(La)on nitrogen metabolism under two different levels of elevated UV-B radiation(UV-B,280-320 nm).The whole process of nitrogen metabolism involves uptake and transport of nitrate,nitrate assimilation,ammonium assimilation,amino acid biosynthesis,and protein synthesis. Compared with the control,UV-B radiation with the intensity of low level 0.15 W/m~2 and high level 0.45 W/m~2 significantly affected the whole nitrogen metabolism in soybean seedlings(p<0.05).It restricted uptake and transport of NO_3~-,inhibited activity of some key nitrogen-metabolism-related enzymes,such as:nitrate reductase(NR)to the nitrate reduction,glutamine systhetase(GS)and glutamine synthase(GOGAT)to the ammonia assimilation,while it increased the content of free amino acids and decreased that of soluble protein as well.The damage effect of high level of UV-B radiation on nitrogen metabolism was greater than that of low level. And UV-B radiation promoted the activity of the anti-adversity enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH),which reduced the toxicity of excess ammonia in plant.After pretreatment with the optimum concentration of La(20 mg/L),La could increase the activity of NR, GS,GOGAT,and GDH,and ammonia assimilation,but decrease nitrate and ammonia accumulation.In conclusion,La could relieve the damage effect of UV-B radiation on plant by regulating nitrogen metabolism process,and its alleviating effect under low level was better than that under the high one.