盐胁迫下八宝景天不同生态型对土壤中Cd积累特征

采用Cd含量为2.22 mg·kg^-1的潮褐土开展盆栽试验,通过外源添加NaCl研究不同生态型八宝景天对Cd和盐分复合胁迫的生长响应以及Cd吸收积累的差异.结果表明,在Cd单一或与盐分复合胁迫下,八宝景天各生态型间地上部生物量和Cd含量均表现出显著差异,盐分胁迫进一步加剧了八宝景天的生长抑制,高盐胁迫下八宝景天各生态型地上部Cd含量总体呈下降趋势,这与盐分引起土壤pH显著升高导致Cd生物有效性降低有关.此外,不同生态型对盐分胁迫表现出的生长和Cd吸收响应有显著差异,LN生态型地上部生物量在各处理下均显著高于其他生态型,且在1% NaCl处理下生物量仍没有显著下降,耐性指数可达0.91.同时,其地上部Cd含量在不同处理下均显著高于其他生态型,其原因为LN生态型在Cd富集和解毒的生理机制方面更具优势,而这些同样是其耐盐性的重要生理机制.综上可知,尽管盐分胁迫减少了八宝景天地上部Cd富集量,但其不同生态型间差异显著,LN生态型在2% NaCl处理下地上部Cd富集量仍可达84.4 μg·plant^-1,且较其他生态型显著提高48.4%~89.3%,因此,LN生态型八宝景天具有应用于修复盐渍化土壤Cd污染的潜力.     

苦荞低镉积累品种筛选及富集转运特征分析

以贵州省毕节市7个本地苦荞品种为供试对象,采用田间小区模式,研究受Cd污染的农用地上,不同品种苦荞植株对Cd的积累能力差异,探讨苦荞不同部位对Cd的富集转运能力,筛选出低Cd积累品种并分析其应用前景。结果表明,(1)7个苦荞品种根部与籽粒两个部位Cd含量存在显著性差异,根部表现在黔苦4号(2.31 mg/kg)与黔苦6号(1.41 mg/kg)差异显著,籽粒表现在黔苦2号(0.22 mg/kg)与黔苦3号(0.12 mg/kg)差异显著;(2)Cd在苦荞不同部位富集能力表现出叶>茎≈根>颖壳>籽粒的特征,苦荞主要将Cd积累在根、茎、叶部位,籽粒对Cd的富集转运能力较低;(3)7个苦荞品种地上部分富集系数与转运系数皆小于1,其中黔黑苦1号与黔苦3号籽粒Cd浓度为0.12 mg/kg,植株、籽粒Cd积累量的系统聚类分析将其列为较低值类品种,可推选为低Cd积累品种;(4)低Cd积累苦荞品种的筛选对威宁Cd污染土壤的安全利用具有重要意义,供试7个苦荞品种籽粒Cd超标率为100%,当地部门应关注苦荞Cd超标问题,加强选育适宜该地区种植的低Cd积累苦荞品种。     

身管镀层界面失效分析及寿命预测研究

目的 研究热压耦合作用下身管镀层的界面失效机理,预测身管寿命。方法 建立镀层界面剪切失效、界面弯曲失效和界面裂纹扩展失效3种失效模型,并给出失效准则。以某小口径步枪身管为研究对象,基于完整冷却周期的身管温度场数值模拟结果,计算这3种失效在相同射击条件下的临界失效长厚比,并对结果进行对比分析,确定身管镀层的主要界面失效方式。结合镀层的界面失效机理和低周疲劳损伤累计理论,建立基于镀层界面疲劳损伤累积的身管寿命预测模型,对该小口径步枪身管的寿命进行预测。结果 临界失效长厚比计算结果表明,界面剪切失效是身管镀层的主要失效方式。身管寿命预测结果与寿命试验结果相比,误差小于2%。结论 界面剪切失效是身管镀层的主要失效方式,基于镀层界面疲劳损伤累积的身管寿命预测方法是可行的。     

南方典型水稻土镉(Cd)累积规律模拟

模拟分析稻田系统镉(Cd)迁移途径和土壤Cd累积趋势有助于风险决策的科学性和合理性.本文以湖南省攸县为研究区,在多环境介质采样的基础上,构建土壤重金属污染物累积(PAM)模型,预测区域稻田土壤Cd 累积趋势,结合Monte Carlo随机模拟方法评估不同修复措施的有效性和可持续性.结果表明在当前Cd输入模式下连续耕作5...     

Meter-scale variation within a single transect demands attention to taxon accumulation curves in riverine microbiome studies

● Riverine microbiomes exhibited hyperlocal variation within a single transect. ● Certain family-level taxa directionally associated with river center and bank. ● Taxon accumulation curves within a transect urges more nuanced sampling design. Microbial communities inhabiting river ecosystems play crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycling and pollution attenuation. Spatial variations in local microbial assemblages are important for detailed understanding of community assembly and developing robust biodiversity sampling strategies. Here, we intensely analyzed twenty water samples collected from a one-meter spaced transect from the near-shore to the near-center in the Meramec River in eastern Missouri, USA and examined the microbial community composition with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Riverine microbiomes across the transect exhibited extremely high similarity, with Pearson’s correlation coefficients above 0.9 for all pairwise community composition comparisons. However, despite the high similarity, PERMANOVA revealed significant spatial differences between near-shore and near-center communities (p = 0.001). Sloan’s neutral model simulations revealed that within-transect community composition variation was largely explained by demographic stochasticity (R² = 0.89). Despite being primarily explained by neutral processes, LefSe analyses also revealed taxa from ten families of which relative abundances differed directionally from the bank to the river center, indicating an additional role of environmental filtering. Notably, the local variations within a river transect can have profound impacts on the documentation of alpha diversity. Taxon-accumulation curves indicated that even twenty samples did not fully saturate the sampling effort at the genus level, yet four, six and seven samples were able to capture 80% of the phylum-level, family-level, and genus-level diversity, respectively. This study for the first time reveals hyperlocal variations in riverine microbiomes and their assembly mechanisms, demanding attention to more robust sampling strategies for documenting microbial diversity in riverine systems.     

基于颗粒污泥的短程反硝化USB反应器启动和运行研究

在2个相同的USB反应器(R1无载体,R2采用多孔生物填料为载体)中构建了短程反硝化工艺,对R1和R2NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化性能、短程反硝化颗粒污泥物化特性、胞外聚合物(EPS)产生特性以及微生物功能菌群主要特征进行差异分析.结果表明,反应器运行81d,氮负荷(NLR)为1.2kg/(m³·d)时,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率(NTR) R2(85%)高于R1(80%);载体颗粒污泥(R2)沉降性能优于自固定化颗粒污泥(R1)且载体颗粒污泥(R2)更容易截留EPS,PN/PS值R1(1.29)>R2(1.15),污泥体积指数(SVI) R1(27.07mL/g MLSS)>R2(19.36mL/g MLSS);扫描电镜发现R1污泥表面聚集长杆菌,R2污泥表面聚集短杆菌和球菌,与R1相比R2颗粒污泥结构更加规则密实.微生物高通量测序结果表明,R2物种丰富度和多样性高于R1,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门在短程反硝化系统中占主导地位,R1和R2主要NO₂^--N积累功能菌属均为Acinetobacter属(R1-59.18%、R2-46.04%)和Thauera属(R1-6.81%、R2-5.99%).     

黑色岩系地质高背景区土壤锌富集特征与环境活性

锌（Zn）既是生物体必需元素又是有害元素，在复合污染的情况下，Zn在植物吸收、转运和富集镉的过程中发挥着重要作用。以往研究主要关注镉的活性，忽略了Zn的环境活性。基于此，本研究以黑色岩系地质高背景区自然富Zn土壤为对象，重点研究了土壤Zn的活性态和潜在活性态，讨论了Zn活性的影响因素和环境意义。结果表明，研究区土壤Zn富集，平均含量可达457 mg/kg，80%的土壤样品超过我国农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。CaCl₂提取态Zn含量平均值为0.92 mg/kg，平均提取率仅为0.26%，说明研究区土壤Zn的生物活性低，且随着pH升高而降低。EDTA提取态Zn的平均含量为12.7 mg/kg，平均提取率为2.74%，潜在有效态比例也较低。活性态在潜在活性态中占比为7.63%，活化潜力较大，且随着土壤pH的升高而降低。研究区土壤溶液中Zn∶Cd比较低，可能有利于植物对镉的吸收。开展土壤Zn活性的研究，对理解复合污染区土壤镉的活性变化及调控具有重要意义。     

Use of catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) for pretreatment of high-salinity high-organic wastewater

Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) coupled desalination technology provides a possibility for the effective and economic degradation of high salinity and high organic wastewater. Chloride widely occurs in natural and wastewaters, and its high content jeopardizes the efficacy of Advanced oxidation process (AOPs). Thus, a novel chlorine ion resistant catalyst B-site Ru doped LaFe_1-xRu_xO_3-δ in CWAO treatment of chlorine ion wastewater was examined. Especially, LaFe_0.85Ru_0.15O_3-δ was 45.5% better than that of the 6%RuO₂@TiO₂ (commercial carrier) on total organic carbon (TOC) removal. Also, doped catalysts LaFe_1-xRu_xO_3-δ showed better activity than supported catalysts RuO₂@LaFeO₃ and RuO₂@TiO₂ with the same Ru content. Moreover, LaFe_0.85Ru_0.15O_3-δ has novel chlorine ion resistance no matter the concentration of Cl⁻ and no Ru dissolves after the reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) refinement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements verified the structure of LaFe_0.85Ru_0.15O_3-δ. Kinetic data and density functional theory (DFT) proved that Fe is the site of acetic acid oxidation and adsorption of chloride ions. The existence of Fe in LaFe_0.85Ru_0.15O_3-δ could adsorb chlorine ion (catalytic activity inhibitor), which can protect the Ru site and other active oxygen species to exert catalytic activity. This work is essential for the development of chloride-resistant catalyst in CWAO.

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