近年来三江平原生态环境变化研究

文章以县（市）为研究单元,基于2004年和2010年的遥感监测数据和调查数据,运用生态综合指数法,从生态环境状况、土地利用／覆被、生物丰度、植被覆盖、水网密度、环境质量6方面分析三江平原生态环境的变化并探究驱动力。结果显示：（1）三江平原各县（市）生态环境指数变化量为-0．50～2．48,属于无明显变化和略有变化两个级别,其中友谊县生态环境略微变好,其余县（市）生态环境状况无明显变化。（2）三江平原林地、草地、沼泽地面积仍在减少,旱地改水田现象增加,水田面积大幅度增加。土地覆被类型变化的差异使得各县（市）生态环境走向存在差异。（3）水资源量增加是三江平原生态环境状况趋好的主要原因。（4）COD年排放量的变化决定三江平原各县（市）环境污染负荷的增减。     

华北农村夏季大气甲醛浓度变化特征

为研究华北农村大气污染状况,于2013年夏季和2014年夏季先后在华北两个农村站点——固城站、饶阳站,采用基于汉栖(Hantzsch)反应的在线甲醛荧光分析仪开展大气甲醛在线观测,结合同期φ(O₃)、φ(PAN)(PAN为过氧乙酰硝酸酯)、φ(CO)和光解速率系数等数据,分析φ(甲醛)日变化及其光解速率等特征. 结果表明:华北农村夏季大气甲醛污染较重. 固城站和饶阳站φ(甲醛)分钟均值范围分别为0.05×10-9 ~59.18 ×10-9和1.66×10-9 ~ 46.83×10-9,平均值分别为12.82×10-9±7.59×10-9和13.73×10-9±5.82×10-9,高于文献报道的国内外其他地区的观测值,与同期观测的φ(NO_x)相当. 两个站点φ(甲醛)具有典型的日变化特征,φ(甲醛)小时均值峰值(固城站为17.43×10-9,饶阳站为17.57×10-9)均出现在上午10:00左右,与φ(O₃)和φ(PAN)的日变化趋势相似,但峰值早1 h出现. 光解速率系数观测结果表明,两个站点甲醛光解过程主要发生在06:00—18:00,固城站甲醛小时光解量峰值(2.59×10-9)出现在11:00,饶阳站甲醛小时光解量于正午12:00达到峰值(3.00×10-9),甲醛光解成稳定分子的速率是光解成自由基速率的1.2~1.7倍. 研究表明,两个站点φ(甲醛)的变化主要受局地过程的影响,光化学生成是甲醛的重要来源.      

Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

Soil carbon sequestration and associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain: A meta-analysis

Soil organic carbon sequestration rates over 20 years based on the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) methodology were combined with local economic data to determine the potential for soil C sequestration in wheat-based production systems on the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The C sequestration potential of rice-wheat systems of India on conversion to no-tillage is estimated to be 44.1 Mt C over 20 years. Implementing no-tillage practices in maize-wheat and cotton-wheat production systems would yield an additional 6.6 Mt C. This offset is equivalent to 9.6% of India's annual greenhouse gas emissions (519 Mt C) from all sectors (excluding land use change and forestry), or less than one percent per annum. The economic analysis was summarized as carbon supply curves expressing the total additional C accumulated over 20 year for a price per tonne of carbon sequestered ranging from zero to USD 200. At a carbon price of USD 25 Mg C⁻¹, 3 Mt C (7% of the soil C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years through the implementation of no-till cropping practices in rice-wheat systems of the Indian States of the IGP, increasing to 7.3 Mt C (17% of the soil C sequestration potential) at USD 50 Mg C⁻¹. Maximum levels of sequestration could be attained with carbon prices approaching USD 200 Mg C⁻¹ for the States of Bihar and Punjab. At this carbon price, a total of 34.7 Mt C (79% of the estimated C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years across the rice-wheat region of India, with Uttar Pradesh contributing 13.9 Mt C.     

吉林省西部新增灌区水田非点源污染负荷估算

吉林省西部实施土地整理和引水工程新增水田1.53×105ha,同时暴露了以T-N、T-P和总盐量为特征污染物的严重的农田非点源污染问题。应用美国通用土壤流失量方程(USLE)和美国农业非点源管理与化学径流模型(CREAMS),结合典型流域单元试验农田连续监测,估算了吉林省西部地区盐碱地改水田新增非点源污染物TN、TP和总盐量年输出负荷。研究表明:吉林省西部新增水田非点源污染物输出总负荷:氮素4 029.561 t/a(26.337 kg/ha),磷素1 407.982 5 t/a(9.242 5 kg/ha),总盐分851 537.871 t/a(5 565.607kg/ha)。按照驱动作用力分析,降雨径流与农田排水共同驱动水田氮素流失,降雨径流是磷流失主要驱动力,田间排水是总盐分流失主要驱动力。     

三江平原湿地生态环境状况研究

采用微观监测和宏观监测相结合的方式,对三江平原湿地类型与面积、湿地水质、生物多样性进行了研究,并分析近5年内湿地景观的变化情况。结果显示:三江平原湿地以沼泽湿地为主,部分地区湿地水质受到污染,主要污染物为高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量、氨氮和石油类;湿地生物多样性丰富;2004～2009年,三江平原各类湿地面积变化很小。     

三江平原湿地生态环境监测与保护

本文从生态环境角度论述了三江平原湿地生态环境监测与保护现状,针对具体现状,提出了具体的保护措施。     

Volatile organic compounds in wintertime North China Plain: Insights from measurements of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS)

The characteristics of wintertime volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the North China Plain (NCP) region are complicated and remain obscure. VOC measurements were conducted by a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at a rural site in the NCP from November to December 2018. Uncalibrated ions measured by PTR-ToF-MS were quantified and the overall VOC compositions were investigated by combining the measurements of PTR-ToF-MS and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The measurement showed that although atmospheric VOCs concentrations are often dominated by primary emissions, the secondary formation of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) is non-negligible in the wintertime, i.e., OVOCs accounts for 42% ± 7% in the total VOCs (151.3 ± 75.6 ppbV). We demonstrated that PTR-MS measurements for isoprene are substantially overestimated due to the interferences of cycloalkanes. The chemical changes of organic carbon in a pollution accumulation period were investigated, which suggests an essential role of fragmentation reactions for large, chemically reduced compounds during the heavy-polluted stage in wintertime pollution. The changes of emission ratios of VOCs between winter 2011 and winter 2018 in the NCP support the positive effect of “coal to gas” strategies in curbing air pollutants. The high abundances of some key species (e.g. oxygenated aromatics) indicate the strong emissions of coal combustion in wintertime of NCP. The ratio of naphthalene to C8 aromatics was proposed as a potential indicator of the influence of coal combustion on VOCs.     

黄淮海平原灌溉水量变化特征及其与气象干旱的关系

以黄淮海平原为研究区,以WaterGAP用水量模型的灌溉耗水量与取水量数据、scPDSI数据为基础,探讨了黄淮海平原灌溉用水量变化特征及其与气象干旱的关系。研究结果表明：黄淮海平原耗水量约占取水量的1/3,其中河北南部、河南和山东等地区用水量均高于其他地区,耕地集中分布区灌溉用水量明显高于其他地区,2003—2014年灌溉取水量呈增加趋势,约37 mm/月;黄淮海平原气象条件趋于干旱,其中2006—2014年干旱连续多发,scPDSI与灌溉取水量距平值大于0的单元数间具有显著的非线性相关关系（R²=0.60）,其中8-12月二者相关关系较为显著;气象干旱是黄淮海平原灌溉用水量增加的重要原因,在气象干旱和农业灌溉的共同影响下,研究区水储量亏损量持续增加。     

2000—2015年江汉平原农田生态系统NPP时空变化特征

基于MODIS数据和VPM（Vegetation Photosynthesis Model）模型估算2000—2015年江汉平原农田NPP,利用空间自相关和Sen趋势分析方法,分析16年间江汉平原农田NPP的时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）江汉平原农田年均NPP在2000—2005年呈上升趋势,2005—2009年呈波动性下降趋势,2009—2015年呈上升趋势;农田年NPP总量在2000—2015年整体上趋于平稳。（2）高中低产田面积占比分别为66.03%、27.04%和6.93%。2000—2015年NPP具有很强的空间聚集性且呈逐年增强趋势,并随空间距离增加聚集性减弱;江汉平原NPP主要呈高—高聚集和低—低聚集特征。（3）江汉平原农田NPP显著上升、无显著变化和显著下降区域面积分别占1.30%、69.50%和29.20%。