河池市城区环境空气污染现状与变化趋势研究

根据2007年-2012年河池市环境空气质量自动监测数据,采用环境空气质量指数法和综合污染指数法,评价河池市环境空气污染现状和了解污染变化趋势,并探讨变化原因,提出改善大气环境质量的应对措施,以期为河池市大气污染防治策略提供借鉴.通过分析主要污染物的监测数据,结果表明:河池市近6年来城区环境空气质量有明显好转.污染物浓度随季节性变化明显,二氧化硫第一季度至第四季度依次递减;二氧化氮与可吸入颗粒物变化相似,均为第四季度污染最严重、第二季度污染最轻.     

佛山市土地可持续利用评价研究

基于资源合理性、经济可行性、生态安全性三个角度选取17项指标构建指标体系,通过熵值法计算各指标的权重,求取非资源合理性（ NREI）、经济可行性（ EEI）、非生态安全性（ NESI）3项综合指数,运用改进的三角模型对佛山市2004年－2011年土地可持续利用状态和趋势展开分析和评价。研究表明：佛山市土地可持续状态总体较差,并且呈现不断恶化趋势。     

国庆假日济南城区大气环境质量特征及其影响因素研究

文章运用相关性分析法、主成分分析法探究国庆假日济南城区大气环境质量特征及其影响因素.结果表明:PM2.5、PM10、CO 是国庆期间的主要污染物,小时浓度的峰值出现在9 时和23 时,谷值出现在14 时;PM2.5、PM10是首要污染物,日均浓度(除去10月6日)均超过国家二级标准,10月1日PM2.5浓度上升33.6%,PM10上升34%,10月2日和4日出现浓度"双峰",3日和6日出现浓度"双谷",6日浓度值降至国庆最低,10月7日颗粒物浓度迅速回升;节假日期间,合理安排旅游行程,有利于缓解城市环境压力,促进城市可持续发展.     

太原市土壤重金属污染空间分布及评价

以太原市土壤作为研究对象,系统研究了太原市城市土壤及工业区土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的污染水平和分布,并对污染状况进行了评价.研究表明,太原市土壤中重金属的含量分别为Cr:35.35—848.80mg·kg-1,Ni:4.00—99.57 mg·kg-1,Cu:4.89—266.99 mg·kg-1,Zn:45.16—677.01 mg·kg-1,As:0.66—35.46 mg·kg-1,Cd:nd—1.00 mg·kg-1,Pb:15.61—1240.41 mg·kg-1.其中城市土壤重金属含量较低,工业区土壤重金属含量较高,受到多种重金属的复合污染.以土壤环境质量国家二级标准值作为评价标准,用单项污染指数和综合污染指数对太原市土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示太原市大部分城市土壤未受7种重金属污染,只有6.7%的地区处于轻污染水平;工业区土壤污染严重,污染程度从高至低为化工厂(重污染)热电厂(重污染)化肥厂(重污染)第一电厂(中度污染)建筑工地(中度污染)焦化厂(轻污染).7种重金属在太原市土壤中的空间分布规律不同,且均与工业区分布相关,工业区是太原城市土壤重金属污染的重要来源.     

济南市表层土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及风险分析

以山东省济南市为研究区域,采集测定了35个表层土壤样品中16种优先控制PAHs的含量,在此基础上对其组成特征、来源和环境风险进行了分析.结果表明,16种PAHs在所有样品中均具有较高的检出率,部分达到100%.含量范围为55.8—1.24×104μg·kg-1,平均值1.27×103μg·kg-1,中位值263μg·kg-1,低于已报道的我国其他地区表层土壤PAHs的污染水平.各功能区含量高低顺序为工业区、交通繁忙区、商业居民区和农田.PAHs组成分析与因子分析表明,济南市表层土壤中PAHs为混合源,煤、石油等化石燃料不完全燃烧作用占优势.16种PAHs的Bap总毒性当量浓度(TEQBa p)在0.54—1.37×103μg·kg-1之间,7种致癌性PAHs的TEQBap占总TEQBap的98.9%,是环境风险的主要贡献者.农田土壤风险水平较低,工业区土壤风险水平较高,需要管理部门特别注意.     

An analysis of the implementation of an environmental management system in a local public administration

The Environmental Management System (EMS) is commonly implemented in private firms. However, on the basis of a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis, our work analyzes the consequences of implementing an EMS within the context of local public administrations, particularly regarding the City Council of Ohanes in Almería (Spain). This is the first European corporation to implement an EMS according to the ISO 14001 Standard, certified by the Spanish Association of Normalization and Certification. Its analysis would be equivalent to the Shumpeterian "market innovator study", so that public administration "followers" can take advantage of the derived benefits and of minimizing the negative effects of such an experience. On the other hand, we show that the economic and environmental advantages derived from the EMS go beyond the activities that the City Council is in charge of. They have spillover effects that extend them to all economic activities in the municipality and these effects are expected to be increased in the medium and long-term perspective. In this paper, we compare the costs and benefits that the municipality obtains in two cases: the City Council implements the EMS or it does not implement it. The main objective of this article is to show the economic and environmental advantages obtained by a municipality when it is only the City Council who is implementing an EMS. It is logical to suppose that this case study can stimulate other municipalities to use this instrument, even if the economic and environmental characteristics of the municipality are different.     

A framework for assessing the impact of land use policy on community exposure to air toxics

Our research focuses on the linkage between land use planning policy and the spatial pattern of exposure to air toxics emissions. Our objective is to develop a modeling framework for assessment of the community health risk implications of land use policy. The modeling framework is not intended to be a regulatory tool for small-scale land use decisions, but a long-range planning tool to assess the community health risk implications of alternative land use scenarios at a regional or subregional scale. This paper describes the development and application of an air toxic source model for generating aggregate emission factors for industrial and commercial zoning districts as a function of permitted uses. To address the uncertainty of estimating air toxics emission rates for planned general land use or zoning districts, the source model uses an emissions probability mass function that weights each incremental permitted land use activity by the likelihood of occurrence. We thus reduce the uncertainty involved in planning for development with no prior knowledge of the specific industries that may locate within the land use district. These air toxics emission factors can then be used to estimate pollutant atmospheric mass flux from land use zoning districts, which can then be input to air dispersion and human health risk assessment models to simulate the spatial pattern of air toxics exposure risk. The model database was constructed using the California Air Toxics Inventory, 1997 US Economic Census, and land assessment records from several California counties. The database contains information on more than 200 air toxics at the 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) level. We present a case study to illustrate application of the model. LUAIRTOX, the interactive spreadsheet model that applies our methodology to the California data, is available at http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~mwillis/LUAIRTOX.htm.     

人为排放及气象因素对空气质量影响的定量分析——以疫情期间邢台市为例

选择河北省邢台市作为研究对象,将2020疫情作为一个极限管控措施下的极限减排实验情景,把2021疫情作为未来常态化疫情防控实验分析情景.与疫情前期对比,两次疫情期间臭氧浓度均有提升且2021疫情时期颗粒物浓度同样有提高,2020疫情时期其他污染物浓度均有不同程度的改善,而与2019历史同期相比,两次疫情期间臭氧浓度同样有升高现象,除此以外,2021疫情时期污染物改善较好.利用长短期记忆网络（LSTM）算法和空气质量预报模式系统（WRF-CMAQ）量化了两次疫情时期气象因素对于污染物浓度变化的影响,根据空气质量模拟法反推了不同污染物受人为影响的浓度变化.实验结果表明,LSTM算法在两次疫情期间的模拟均显示人为影响对污染物产生了负影响（降低了污染物浓度）且在总变化影响中占比较高,而CMAQ模式模拟结果中的气象因素影响占比远高于LSTM算法.CMAQ模式在两次疫情模拟中表现出了不同的结果,在2020疫情中人为影响占据了主导,而在2021疫情中,相比较2020疫情时期,除NO₂外,人类活动对其他污染物的影响均为正值（促进了污染物浓度升高）.     

福州市城市生活垃圾管理体制与政策措施探讨

城市生活垃圾这个与城市“相伴生”的长期污染源,必须得到及时、科学、妥善的处理。福州市目前对城市生活垃圾的治理存在“重末端处理、轻源头控制”,在垃圾末端无害化上陷于被动,却缺少“清洁生产”的理念,“减量化、资源化”未得到应有的重视。本文针对福州市垃圾管理体制与政策上的弊端,强调垃圾的产生、收集、运输、处理等全过程实现全面的、综合的、封闭式管理,探讨法律、经济、管理三位一体的城市生活垃圾管理政策,保障城市可持续发展。     

浅谈秦皇岛外语语言软环境的优化策略

秦皇岛作为著名的沿海旅游城市,外语语言环境作为旅游软环境的一个重要因素直接影响着整个旅游产业的综合竞争力。鉴于此,对秦皇岛市外语语言软环境进行调查摸底。调查结果表明,旅游景区标示语及城市公示语的翻译存在不同程度的问题,旅游从业人员总体素质不高,市民的外语能力普遍偏低。以调查结果为依托,从政府导向、行业把关、全民参与三方面提出了优化秦皇岛市旅游业外语语言软环境的建议。