凉水河流域地下水水化学特征和时空变化规律

北京凉水河流域的同位素和水化学特征分析表明:1)地下水水质在100m以浅相对较差,但到2017年为止,水质保持稳定.2)浅层地下水与平原区河水同位素相对富集,且落在同一条蒸发线上;但整体上河水与浅层地下水水化学类型不同,据此推断山前冲洪积扇河水入渗是区域地下水补给的重要来源,下游地下水主要受到侧向径流影响.3)同位素平...     

三峡水库水位上升对香溪河流域典型滑坡的影响分析

在三峡水库蓄水后,香溪河流域众多滑坡出现变形失稳现象。白家堡滑坡、耿家坪滑坡、白马滩滑坡在蓄水后的变形特征各不相同。对库水位上升后3个滑坡的变形特征及其渗透性进行了比较研究,表明影响滑坡响应时间的主要因素是滑体的渗透性。以白家堡滑坡为例,利用摩根斯坦-普赖斯法,对不同c、值,进行75~175 m水位线的稳定性系数演算,发现各c、值不同水位线下稳定性系数曲线的变化规律有2种类型,即下降—平直型和下降—上升型,这种变化规律与浸水部位密切相关。     

Seasonal and spatial character of PCBs in a chemical industrial zone of Shanghai,China

As one of China’s great metropolises, Shanghai is suffering from the impact of manufacture and the use of chemical industrial products, and it faces serious pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Therefore, in this study, in order to assess the seasonal and spatial character of contamination from chemical industrial zones, the concentrations of PCBs have been measured in various environmental media, including soil, leaves, and atmospheric particulate samples collected in a chemical industrial zone of Shanghai and compared with samples from presumably unpolluted sites of rural areas. In soils, the PCB concentrations ranged from 0.5 ng g⁻¹ (unpolluted site) to 586.85 ng g⁻¹ (chlor-alkali industry site). The concentrations of PCBs in evergreen leaves ranged from 0.3 ng g⁻¹ to 32.46 ng g⁻¹, and more chlorinated biphenyls congeners, such as penta-biphenyls and hexa-biphenyls, were the dominant contributors in winter and spring. Seasonal differences and the constitution patterns of congeners might be affected by the temperature and industrial activities. The PCB concentrations in the leaves of deciduous trees increase over time as the leaves grow. The PCB concentration in atmospheric particulates was in the range of 9.22–14.15 × 10³ pg m⁻³, which might be the result of influence from climate and industrial activities. The relativity of PCB contents among the environmental media was discussed. The results in this paper provide an important profile of the current contamination status of a key chemical industrial zone in China.     

中国和美国地面臭氧污染对比分析

利用中国和美国地面臭氧(O3)监测数据,从国家、区域、城市、站点多个层面对两国O3污染的时间变化特征和空间分布特征进行了分析.结果 表明:从全年角度,中国O3污染集中在4-9月,2018年延长至3-10月;美国集中在4-8月.1980年以来,美国O3浓度呈下降趋势;中国O3浓度在2015-2018年呈上升趋势,与同时期...     

Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Controlling the Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations and Fluxes in a Large Tropical River, India

Carbon studies in tropical rivers have gained significance since it was realized that a significant chunk of anthropogenic CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere returns to the biosphere, that is eventually transported by the river and locked up in coastal sediments for a few thousand years. Carbon studies are also significant because dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is known to complex the toxic trace metals in the river and carry them in the dissolved form. For the first time, this work has made an attempt to study the variations in DOC concentrations in space and time for a period of 19 months, and estimate their fluxes in the largest peninsular Indian river, the Godavari at Rajahmundry. Anthropogenic influence on DOC concentrations possibly from the number of bathing ghats along the banks and domestic sewage discharge into the river are evident during the pre-monsoon of 2004 and 2005. The rise in DOC concentrations at the onset of monsoon could be due to the contributions from flood plains and soils from the river catchment. Spatial variations highlighted that the DOC concentrations in the river are affected more by the anthropogenic discharges in the downstream than in the upstream. The discharge weighted DOC concentrations in the Godavari river is 3–12 times lower than Ganga-Brahmaputra, Indus and major Chinese rivers. The total carbon fluxes from the Godavari into the Bay of Bengal is insignificant (0.5%) compared to the total carbon discharges by major rivers of the world into oceans.     

睢宁地区大气PM_(2.5)及气态污染物季节性变化特征

根据2014年全年实时在线观测数据,分析了徐州睢宁地区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和气态污染物(包括SO_2、CO、NO_x、O_3)质量浓度的季节性变化特征。结合后向轨迹模型,分析不同气团对该地区大气污染浓度的影响。PM_(2.5)与O_3值在夏季最低,呈显著相关,表明夏季PM_(2.5)主要受控于本地大气光化学活性。在冬季,除O_3外,PM_(2.5)、SO_2、CO、NO_x值最高,且大气颗粒物主要以细粒子为主。O_3在春季最高,并与远程传输的气团且经过我国东部污染源密集地区相对应。高浓度的PM_(2.5)主要与冬季缓慢移动的气团相对应,这可能将PM_(2.5)及其气态前体物传输至该地区进而加重大气污染程度。     

Cyclicity in the structure of female baboon social networks

There is an established and very influential view that primate societies have identifiable, persistent social organizations. It assumes that association patterns reflect long-term strategic interests that are not qualitatively perturbed by short-term environmental variability. We used data from two baboon troops in markedly different habitats over three consecutive seasons to test this assumption. Our results demonstrate pronounced cyclicity in the extent to which females maintained differentiated relationships. When food was plentiful, the companionships identified by social network analysis in the food-scarce season disappeared and were replaced by casual acquaintanceships more representative of mere gregariousness. Data from the fourth, food-scarce, season at one site indicated that few companions were re-united. It is likely that this reflected stochastic variation in individual circumstances. These results suggest that attention could profitably be paid to the effects of short-term local contingencies on social dynamics, and has implications for current theories of primate cognitive evolution. This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau and R. James).     

Seasonal and spatial variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in vegetation and cow milk from a high altitude pasture in the Italian Alps

The seasonal and spatial variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in vegetation and cow milk was studied in a high altitude pasture in the Alps (1900 m a.s.l.). PCB contamination in vegetation shows a concentration peak in June, which is mainly interpreted as the consequence of a temporary PCB enrichment of the air layer above the ground due to net emission fluxes from the soil. A three compartment dynamic model was developed to test this hypothesis. The North/South enrichment factor in the vegetation was 1.5-1.6 for penta- and hexa-substituted congeners and 1.7 for hepta- and octa-PCBs, according to the effect of temperature on compounds having higher K_oa values. Milk concentrations followed the vegetation seasonal trend. The congener abundance in milk is in agreement with the biotransformation susceptibility, absorption efficiency and residence time of the different congeners in dairy cows.     

MODIS derived fire characteristics and aerosol optical depth variations during the agricultural residue burning season, north India

Agricultural residue burning is one of the major causes of greenhouse gas emissions and aerosols in the Indo-Ganges region. In this study, we characterize the fire intensity, seasonality, variability, fire radiative energy (FRE) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) variations during the agricultural residue burning season using MODIS data. Fire counts exhibited significant bi-modal activity, with peak occurrences during April-May and October-November corresponding to wheat and rice residue burning episodes. The FRE variations coincided with the amount of residues burnt. The mean AOD (2003-2008) was 0.60 with 0.87 (+1σ) and 0.32 (−1σ). The increased AOD during the winter coincided well with the fire counts during rice residue burning season. In contrast, the AOD-fire signal was weak during the summer wheat residue burning and attributed to dust and fossil fuel combustion. Our results highlight the need for ‘full accounting of GHG’s and aerosols’, for addressing the air quality in the study area.     

Spatial and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Haihe Plain, China

A dynamic fugacity model was developed to simulate the spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs in Haihe Plain, China. The calculated and measured concentrations exhibited good consistency in magnitude with deviations within a factor of 4 in air and 2 in soil. The spatial distributions of PAHs in air were mainly controlled by emission while the seasonal variations were dominated by emission and gas-particle partition. In soil, the spatial distributions of PAHs were controlled by the soil organic carbon content while the seasonal variations were insignificant. The severest soil contamination was observed in Shanxi and followed by the southwest of Hebei province. Transfer fluxes of total PAHs between air and soil were calculated. The spatial distribution of air-to-soil flux was closely related to the landcover while the soil-to-air flux changed with soil organic matter content. Monte Carlo simulation was done to evaluate the uncertainty of the estimated results in air.