Seasonal variations of hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels from the Baltic Sea

Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) found at high levels in the Baltic biota are mainly natural products, but can also be formed through metabolism or abiotic oxidation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The formation of OH-PBDEs is of concern since there is growing evidence of phenolic toxicity. This study investigates seasonal variations in levels of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs, focusing on an exposed species, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), sampled in the Baltic Sea in May, June, August and October of 2008. Both the OH-PBDE and MeO-PBDE levels in the mussels showed seasonal variations from May to October, the highest concentration of each congener appearing in June. The seasonal variation was more marked for OH-PBDEs than in MeO-PBDEs, but all congeners showed the same trends, except 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2′-MeO-BDE68, which did not significantly decline in concentrations after June. Biotic or abiotic debromination is suggested as a possible reason for the rapid decrease in methoxylated penta- and hexa-BDE concentrations observed in blue mussels from June to August, while the tetraBDE concentrations were stable. In addition, 1,3,7/1,3,8-tribrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins showed the same seasonal variation. The seasonal variations indicates natural formation and are unlikely to be due to transformation of anthropogenic precursors. The levels of PBDEs were fairly constant over time and considerably lower than those of the OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. The timing of the peaks in concentrations suggests that filamentous macro-algae may be important sources of these compounds found in the blue mussels from this Baltic Sea location.     

2019年国庆节前后北京气态氨和气溶胶铵盐浓度的同步观测

我国自2013年实施《大气污染防治行动计划》以来,大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)特别是硫酸盐浓度迅速下降,但硝酸盐浓度降幅较小,大气中过量的氨气(NH3)是维持硝酸盐居高不下的主要因素.迄今,我国生态环境部门尚未将NH3纳入常规观测,以往有关NH3和气溶胶铵盐(NH4+)的研究多是分别进行的,缺少同步观测.由于NH3和NH...     

黄河中游不同地貌分区景观格局脆弱性及其驱动力

黄河中游生态环境脆弱,科学评估流域景观格局脆弱性是因地制宜开展该区生态环境建设的基础.以黄河中游1990~2018年5期土地利用数据为基础,采用景观脆弱度指数,分析景观格局脆弱性的时空演变,并结合最优参数地理探测器方法探究不同自然地貌分区景观格局脆弱性的影响因素.结果表明:①1990~2018年,耕地（面积占比为36.96 %~39.97 %）是黄河中游的优势景观,耕地（减少10185.00 km²）和建设用地（增加7678.46 km²）面积变化最大.②1990~2018年,景观格局以较低和中度脆弱区为主,面积占比为70 %~80 %,较高和高脆弱区集中在黄土丘陵沟壑区,低脆弱区集中在河谷平原区和土石山区,脆弱度呈先降后升的变化趋势;1990~2000年和2000~2005年,脆弱性等级变化以“脆弱度减少”为主,2005~2010年和2010~2018年,以“脆弱度增加”为主.③年降水和NDVI是影响景观格局脆弱性的主要驱动因素,不同自然地貌分区的影响因素则各有不同:黄土丘陵沟壑区和土石山区的主导因子分别为年降水和DEM（自然因素）,黄土高塬沟壑区、河谷平原区和沙地沙漠区的主导因子分别为人口密度、土地利用程度和距道路的距离（人为因素）.任意两个影响因子的交互结果均表现为双因子增强或非线性增强.风险探测显示,各自然地貌分区的景观格局脆弱度高值区分别分布于对应主导因素的不同取值范围.因此,在黄河中游的生态治理实践中,应针对不同自然地貌的脆弱性特点,实施因地制宜的治理策略,进一步提升流域的生态治理水平.     

2010年洱海全湖磷负荷时空分布特征

为探讨不同来源磷负荷对洱海水体富营养化的贡献,研究了洱海入湖河流、干湿沉降和沉积物内源释放等来源磷负荷的时空变化特征. 结果表明:2010年洱海磷负荷的主要来源是入湖河流,其所带来的磷负荷占总入湖负荷的33%. 入湖河流磷负荷与洱海水体富营养化指数呈显著正相关,并且季节性变化明显,10月是高峰期入湖河流磷负荷区域差异较大,北部3条河流是主要来源,其中以弥苴河入湖磷负荷最大,占入湖河流磷负荷总量的52%. 沉积物磷扩散通量由北向南呈下降趋势,最高值在湖心区,11月最大. 干湿沉降入湖磷负荷季节性变化明显,干沉降占干湿沉降入湖磷负荷总量的47%. 外源入湖磷负荷控制,应以雨季之初为关键时期,以弥苴河及其流域为重点区域,以坝区农业污染控制为重点,同时应加强湖泊水体生态修复控制沉积物内源磷释放.      

保定大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子质量浓度及粒径分布

为研究保定市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的质量浓度水平、季节变化和粒径分布特征,于2010年8月—2011年8月利用Andersen分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,并用离子色谱分析其中的离子组成. 结果表明,细粒子(PM_2.1)中主要水溶性无机离子为SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+,三者质量浓度平均值分别为23.18、21.99和11.44μg/m3;粗粒子(PM>2.1)中主要水溶性无机离子为NO₃-、Ca2+和SO₄2-,三者质量浓度平均值分别为10.60、10.39和10.14μg/m3. 细粒子中ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(NO₃-)、ρ(NH₄+)、ρ(Cl-)和ρ(K+)的季节性变化相似,均为冬季>秋季>夏季>春季;粗粒子中ρ(NH₄+)、ρ(K+)和ρ(NO₃-)呈现出与细粒子不同的季节性变化趋势,ρ(NH₄+)和ρ(K+)均为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季,而ρ(NO₃-)则为夏季>秋季>冬季>春季. 粗、细粒子中ρ(Ca2+)和 ρ(Mg2+)的季节性变化特征相似,均为冬季最高、夏季最低. ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(NO₃-)、ρ(Na+)和ρ(K+)均呈双峰分布,分别在＞0.43~1.1μm和＞4.7~5.8μm出现峰值; ρ(NH₄+)和ρ(Cl-)呈细模态单峰分布,在＞0.43~1.1μm出现峰值; ρ(Mg2+)和 ρ(Ca2+)呈粗模态单峰分布,在＞4.7~5.8μm出现峰值. 二次源和生物质燃烧是细粒子的主要来源,扬尘对粗粒子影响较大.      

Nitrogen dynamics in the sediments of a wetland coastal ecosystem of southern India

The study area, Kuttanad Waters is a part of the Cochin estuarine system on the west coast of India. Kuttanad is well known for its agricultural activity and so the major contribution to the inorganic ions of nitrogen will be from fertilisers applied in agriculture. Based on observed salinity the stations have been divided into three zones. The fresh water zones had higher quantities of silt and clay whereas the estuarine zone was more sandy. The chemical speciation scheme applied here distinguishes three forms of ammoniacal nitrogen species: exchangeable, fixed, and organic ammoniacal nitrogen. No significant trends were observed in the seasonal distribution of total, exchangeable, fixed and organic nitrogen. A significant concentration of exchangeable ammonia was observed in the sediment due to their predominantly reducing environment, which restricts nitrification. High NH₄-N concentrations in the pore waters, along with the sedimentary composition leads to a significantly high quantity of fixed NH₄-N. The low values for N org is due to high mineralisation or deamination of organic nitrogen     

微囊藻属一日内垂向分布的数值模拟

将水质模型与微囊藻属浮力调节模型相结合,建立微囊藻属垂向浓度分布模型,该模型不仅保留了以往模型的优点且改进了以往模型的不足,如考虑了微囊藻群体的直径大小及微囊藻属的浮力调节能力.模型结果与荷兰的Vinkeveen湖的实际测量数据吻合良好.此外,模拟结果也表明:微囊藻属在垂向的分布受水体紊动程度影响显著.微囊藻群体的最大浓度并不在水体表面,而是在水下一定深度处.小尺寸群体微囊藻群体(20~50μm)在水深方向的分布比大尺寸群体(100~200μm)更加均匀.日落后,微囊藻属会因为密度减小上浮至水面,反之,白日里,微囊藻属密度增加向水底方向下沉,因此日出前水面的微囊藻属浓度高于日落前的水面浓度.     

Applicability of the Arrhenius model for ammonia oxidizing bacteria subjected to temperature time gradients

The aim of this work is to identify the range of applicability of Arrhenius type temperature dependence for Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) subjected to temperature time gradients through continuous titrimetric tests. An innovative online differential titrimetric technique was used to continuously monitor the maximum biologic ammonia oxidation rate of the biomass selected in a pilot scale membrane bioreactor, as a function of temperature time gradients. The monitoring technique is based on the measurement of alkalinity and hydrogen peroxide consumption rates in two parallel reactors operated in non-limiting substrate conditions for AOB; both reactors were continuously fed with mixed liquor and in one of them AOB were inhibited with allylthiourea. The effects of temperature decrease rates in the range 1 to 4°C·h⁻¹ were evaluated by controlling the titrimetric reactor in the temperature range 10°C–20°C. The dependence of growth kinetics on temperature time gradients and the range of applicability of Arrhenius model for temperature dependency of AOB growth kinetics were assessed. The Arrhenius model was found to be accurate only with temperature gradients lower than 2°C·h⁻¹. The estimated Arrhenius coefficients (θ) were shown to increase from 1.07 to 1.6 when the temperature decrease rate reached 4°C·h⁻¹.     

Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations: an example from Ghor Sari area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company (APC) for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on     

重特大火灾对南京市火灾发生影响规律的时间序列研究

本文采用时间序列法分析中国江苏省南京市每月火灾发生次数受该时间段内江苏省特大火灾以及南京市重特大火灾的影响规律。在对原始数据依次进行了异常点剔除、季节调整后,运用时间序列干涉模型对调整后的数据序列进行滞后分析,分析结果表明通常重特大火灾的影响可持续三个月。