中国黄土高原地区大雨频次演变特征

利用黄土高原40年降水资料,研究了该区域大雨以上降雨频数演变.结果表明:黄土高原地区大雨频次是自西北向东南逐渐增多;大雨频次存在减少趋势;小波分析表明大雨频数存在4～5年、8年左右和15年左右的周期振荡;大雨频数存在4个特征区域,各区变化幅度和时段明显不同.     

黄土高原地区生态脆弱性时空变化及其驱动因子分析

黄土高原是我国生态系统最脆弱的地区之一,科学评估其生态脆弱性是制定有效环境保护和管理措施的前提.然而,过去研究多关注某一小区域的生态脆弱性,不能反映该地区生态脆弱性的整体特征.基于"暴露-敏感性-适应力"模型框架,结合层次分析、空间主成分分析和地理探测器等方法评估了黄土高原地区2000~2015年生态脆弱性的时空变化特征及其驱动因子.结果表明,黄土高原地区生态脆弱性整体较高,并呈现出从东南到西北递增的趋势,且不同土地利用类型脆弱性差异大;2000~2015年生态脆弱性呈先增后降趋势,整体呈微弱降低趋势,其中约64%地区的脆弱性发生了变化;植被覆盖度和降水是控制生态脆弱性时空变化的主要因子,且所有指标因子间均存在明显的交互作用.说明气候变化和人类活动可能有助于降低黄土高原地区的生态脆弱性,但其作用有限.     

黄渤海气溶胶中砷的分布特征和季节变化

于2017~2018年冬、春和夏季,在黄渤海海域走航采样,采集总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析总砷（As）、As （Ⅴ）、As （Ⅲ）以及水溶性离子,讨论了As在黄渤海气溶胶中浓度、空间分布以及季节变化,估算了As的干沉降通量.气溶胶中As含量冬季（6.6 ng·m^-3） > 夏季（5.5 ng·m^-3） > 春季（4.4 ng·m^-3）,渤海和北黄海远大于南黄海.冬、夏季As（Ⅲ）/As（Ⅴ）比值分别为0.41和0.21.冬、春和夏季As/TSP平均值分别为95.4、83.9和81.4 μg·g^-1,冬季明显高于春季和夏季.冬季在冬季风主导下,携带了环渤海地区排放的污染物导致砷含量最高,夏季受东南季风携带的东部沿海地区污染物的影响也较大,而春季受西伯利亚陆地气团和东南远海海洋性气团的共同影响,浓度最小.冬季K⁺/TSP与As/TSP存在显著正相关（r=0.78,P<0.05）,说明受陆地生物质燃烧排放的As的影响明显,而夏季两者相关性不显著,说明来源不同.冬、春和夏季黄渤海大气气溶胶As的干沉降通量分别为1.15、0.77和0.97 μg·（m²·d）^-1,年平均为0.95 μg·（m²·d）^-1.     

珠江流域水化学组成的时空变化特征及对岩石风化碳汇估算的意义

基于水-岩-气-生相互作用的碳酸盐风化碳汇模型表明,陆地碳酸盐风化碳汇是大气CO_2汇的重要组成部分;然而,碳酸盐风化碳汇的过程、机制和控制因素仍有待进一步的研究。本文采用野外监测、现场滴定和样品室内测试相结合的方法,对珠江流域支干流分旱季和雨季进行了4次野外监测取样,研究其水化学组成的时空变化特征。结果表明:珠江流域支干流的水化学组成受流域岩石风化、气候和水生光合作用的共同影响,并具有明显的时空变化特征。空间上,南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,水流较慢,水质清澈,水生光合作用强烈,电导率、[HCO_3~-]和[Ca~(2+)]的空间变化主要受水生光合作用控制;从红水河上游蔗香段至肇庆西江大桥监测点,反映的是流域岩石风化对水化学空间变化的影响。季节变化上,西江的电导率、[HCO_3~-]和[Ca~(2+)]呈现出夏季低、冬春季高的特征,主要反映稀释效应的控制。西江干流河水的溶解氧具有明显的季节变化,在上述南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,DO是夏季高冬季低,其他监测点是冬季高而夏季低;DO的季节变化受水生光合作用强度的控制。在南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,温度是光合作用强度的限制因子,而其他监测点的光合作用限制因子为浊度影响的光照。造成上述差异的原因是监测点的水文环境不同。通过对梧州水文站流量和[HCO_3~-]变化的分析发现,[HCO_3~-]的季节变化幅度相对流量小得多,显示在西江流域中,HCO_3~-也存在化学稳定性行为。因此在西江流域中,流量变化是岩溶碳汇通量变化的主控因子。研究还发现,西江流域中具有强烈的生物碳泵效应,由内源有机碳形成的碳汇通量约占传统计算模式碳汇(溶解无机碳-DIC)通量的40%。因此,在估算珠江流域碳酸盐风化碳汇时,必须考虑水生生态系统光合生物对DIC的利用形成的有机碳的贡献。     

2015—2016年中国城市臭氧浓度时空变化规律研究

为探究中国大陆城市O₃污染状况时空变化的总体特征,运用时空统计分析和GIS技术对2015—2016年全国开展O₃常规监测的336个城市进行分析,揭示近两年O₃浓度及不同等级污染天数的时空变化格局,并着重对比分析"三区十群"区域内外O₃浓度的变化差异.结果表明：2015—2016年期间,全国336个城市中,有258个城市2016年年均O₃浓度值较2015年升高,形成了新的O₃污染空间格局;京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、中部的河南、武汉污染较重,东南沿海和西南地区的云南、西藏污染相对较轻;长三角地区和山东城市群是中国O₃核心污染区域,陕西、山西及安徽三省O₃浓度较2015年有大幅升高.O₃的空间分布与NO_x排放量、生成控制型等因素密切相关.已有的研究区域中除华北平原和四川盆地等地区的郊区点位以外,我国大多数地区的O₃生成控制型属于VOCs控制型.研究结果有利于从宏观上直接对比评估国家大气污染重点防控区内外O₃污染特征变化的差异,从而针对性地开展环境污染防控.     

Distribution of volatile organic compounds in Madrid (Spain)

From November 1995 to October 1996, airborne concentrations of VOCs were measured in the Madrid area to study the organic pollution in general, and the correlation between different pollutants in relation to such parameters as location and season. Mean concentrations for up to 90 compounds were measured at four test sites, including both urban and suburban areas. At the urban sites, maximum concentrations occurred in the autumn and winter, whereas minimum concentrations were reached in summer and spring. Similar changes were obtained for the lesscontaminated site located in the SE of the city, whereas a different pattern was found at the site in the NW of the city due to meteorological aspects. Mean levels of hydrocarbons in Madrid were quite similar to those found in other European cities. Chemometrical techniques were applied to the set of data in order to assess the influence of such factors as traffic, temperature and seasonal variations on the VOC levels.     

Seasonal variation of the size distribution of urban particulate matter and associated organic pollutants in the ambient air

Size-segregated samples of urban particulate matter (<0.95, 0.95–1.5, 1.5–3.0, 3.0–7.5, >7.5 μm) were collected in Thessaloniki, northern Greece, during winter and summer of 2007–2008, in order to study the size distribution of organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) including n-alkanes and the isoprenoids pristane and phytane, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). All organic compounds were accumulated in the particle size fraction <0.95 μm particularly in the cold season. Particulate matter displayed a bimodal normalized distribution in both seasons with a stable coarse mode located at 3.0–7.5 μm and a fine mode shifting from 0.95–1.5 μm in winter to <0.95 μm in summer. Unimodal normalized distributions, predominant at 0.95–1.5 μm size range, were found for most organic compounds in both seasons, suggesting gas-to-particle transformation after emission. A second minor mode at larger particles (3.0–7.5 μm) was observed for C₁₉ and certain OCPs suggesting redistribution due to volatilization and condensation.     

Preferential retention of POPs on the northern aspect of mountains

Soils are the main reservoirs of POPs in mountain ecosystems, but the great variability of the concentrations, also at small scale, leaves some uncertainties in the evaluation of environmental burdens and exposure. The role of the aspect of the mountain side and the seasonal variation in the contamination levels was analysed by means of several soil samples taken from central Italian Alps. A greater contamination content was present in northern soils with a mean ratio between the north vs. south normalised concentration of around a factor of 2 (North-South Enrichment Factor). Experimental factors agreed with theoretical calculations based on temperature-specific calculated K_sa values. From May to November consistent differences in normalised concentrations up to 5-fold were observed. A dynamic picture of the POP contamination in high altitudinal soils is derived from the data in this work, with spring-summer half-lives between 60 and 120 days for most of the compounds.     

Occurrence,spatial and seasonal variation,and environmental risk of pharmaceutically active compounds in the Pearl River basin,South China

● 38 PhACs and 2 pesticides were detected in the three rivers of the Pearl River basin. ● Anti-inflammatory/analgesics drugs were the predominant PhACs. ● The concentrations of PhACs showed seasonal and spatial variation. ● Diazepam and ibuprofen were the two PhACs with a moderate environmental risk. The occurrence, fate, and environmental risk of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from surface waters and sediments were comprehensively investigated in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River of the Pearl River basin, South China. Salicylic acid and diclofenac (anti-inflammatory drugs), gemfibrozil (a lipid regulator), carbamazepine (an antiepileptic drug), diazepam (a psychoactive drug), and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid (MCPA, a pesticide) were the most ubiquitous compounds in the studied region. The average concentrations of detected PhACs in surface waters and sediments ranged from 0.17 to 19.1 ng/L and 0.10 to 10.4 ng/g, respectively. Meanwhile, PhACs concentration in surface waters and sediments varied greatly among and within the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River. The largest annual flux of PhACs of the Xijiang River and Beijiang River was more than 11 000 kg per annum, whereas only 25.7 kg/a in the Maozhou River. In addition, the estimated emissions of PhACs in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River ranged respectively from 0.28 to 4.22 kg/a, 0.12 to 6.72 kg/a, and 6.66 to 91.0 kg/a, and the back-estimated usage varied with a range from 12.0 to 293 kg/a, 6.79 to 944 kg/a, 368 to 17 459 kg/a. Moreover, the emissions of PhACs showed a close relationship with the gross domestic product (GDP) of each city along the Pearl River. The environmental risk assessment suggested that diazepam and ibuprofen had a moderate risk in this region.     

九龙江流域河水溶解态碳的时空变化

为了研究九龙江流域河流中溶解碳变化规律,分别于2017年7月与2018年1月对九龙江河水溶解无机碳（DIC）与溶解有机碳（DOC）进行了分析。丰水季河水DIC浓度为7.50~49.04 mg/L,平均值为22.12 mg/L,枯水季DIC浓度为8.84~84.91 mg/L,平均浓度41.17 mg/L,丰水季河水中的DOC浓度为0.54~2.89 mg/L,平均值为1.04 mg/L,枯水季河水中DOC浓度变化在1.34~3.56 mg/L之间,平均值为2.34 mg/L,据此计算了九龙江河水DOC、DIC的入海通量。研究结果表明九龙江河水中溶解碳具有显著的时空变化特征,通过与中国其他河流溶解碳数据对比,解释了碳酸盐岩的风化、气候变化、河流中浮游植物以及人类活动对九龙江河流溶解碳浓度的影响。