汉丰湖和高阳湖水体氮磷分布及影响因素研究

为了研究三峡水库蓄水及汉丰湖调节坝运行对湖库氮磷营养盐的影响,于2018年11月~2019年10月对汉丰湖和高阳湖进行逐月水样采集.结果表明：汉丰湖TN浓度为0.78~2.38㎎/L,TP浓度为0.03~0.13㎎/L;高阳湖TN浓度为0.57~2.48㎎/L,TP浓度为0.03~0.09㎎/L,两湖库全年易发生富营养化.汉丰湖和高阳湖水体氮素浓度变化趋势一致,水体氮污染主要来自径流污染、城市污水以及淹没土壤的释放;两湖库磷素时空差异显著,高阳湖水体磷浓度随水位的变化波动性显著,说明水位调节对磷循环产生更直接的影响.外源污染的输入、浮游植物生长以及气温变化是影响汉丰湖水体氮磷营养盐浓度的主要因素,而高阳湖水体氮磷浓度主要受水位波动的影响.     

中国能源消费碳排放的空间化与时空动态

近年来全球多地遭遇极端天气,给人类社会的生产生活带来极大影响,共同应对全球气候变化已成为国际共识,在此背景下如何通过科学方法摸清二氧化碳排放情况成为响应国家"双碳"战略的重要工作.通过省级尺度的碳排放统计数据,综合夜间灯光数据和人口数据,将碳排放量分配到栅格尺度,并对中国2000、2005、2010、2015和2018年碳排放的时空格局、演变特征及碳排放与经济增长的关联性进行综合分析.结果表明：①从2000~2018年,中国的CO₂排放总量持续增长,但增长速率呈现放缓的趋势,碳排放年均增长速率由2000~2010年的9.9%下降至2010~2018年的7.4%.从空间分布来看,无碳排放地区主要分布在西北无人区及东北的林区和山区,低碳排放主要分布在广大的中小城镇地区,高碳排放则集中分布于华北、华中、东部沿海以及西部的省会城市及城市群附近;②碳排放在地级市尺度上存在高值聚集或低值聚集现象,且该聚集现象整体趋于稳定,在2005年之后有所加强;低低集聚区主要分布在西部的连片地区和海南岛,且随着经济社会的发展,低低集聚区开始破碎,规模减小;高高集聚区主要分布在京津冀城市群、太原城市群、长江三角洲城市群和珠江三角洲城市群地区且规模在逐步加强巩固;高低、低高集聚区则主要出现在社会经济发展水平差异较大的邻近城市;③中国大部分地区的碳排放量相对稳定,碳排放发生较大变化的地区主要分布在省会城市和重点城市的外围地区,即存在中心城区碳排放无变化,外围区域碳排放变化的圈层结构;④在2000~2018年中国城市发展进程中,整体上遵循一个由"低排放-低收入"转向"高排放-低收入"再转向"高排放-高收入"最终转向"低排放-高收入"的发展规律.从整体来看,中国碳排放的增速在放缓,在实行"双碳"战略的大背景下,各地区由于不同的社会经济发展情况和能源需求情况所面临的碳减排任务与压力也不尽相同,因而应分地区和分行业实施差异化的碳减排政策.     

黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统二甲基硫排放通量的时空变化

为了探讨黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统二甲基硫(dimethylsulfide,DMS)排放的时空变化和主要影响因子,利用静态箱法监测了黄河三角洲高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩DMS通量和环境因子的年际变化.结果表明,从全年来看,黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统是DMS的释放源,高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩释放DMS的通量范围依次为0.043~0.59μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.18~1.90μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.88~5.80μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值依次为0.33μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.95μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和2.18μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1).黄河三角洲潮滩湿地DMS的释放通量具有明显的时空变化,其排放主要集中在植物生长季.潮滩湿地间DMS的排放通量差异显著(p0.05),表现为低潮滩中潮滩高潮滩,这种时空变化可能与季节、植被、环境因子、土壤基质等的空间变化有关.DMS的排放受到多种因素的影响,在高潮滩,0 cm地温对DMS排放通量影响显著;在低潮滩,0~5 cm土壤体积含水量对DMS排放通量影响显著,而在中潮滩则没有发现显著的影响因子.该研究成果可以为进一步研究黄河三角洲湿地硫循环及其对大气环境的影响提供基础数据.     

初冬时期闽江河口区养殖塘排水后的CH4和N2O通量日变化特征

排水活动是河口区养殖塘鱼、虾捕获后的重要管理方式之一.为探讨排水活动对河口区养殖塘温室气体通量的影响,采用静态(悬浮)箱-气相色谱法对初冬时期闽江河口区的未排干和排干养殖塘温室气体(CH_4和N_2O)通量日变化特征进行原位观测.结果表明,(1)未排干与排干养殖塘CH_4通量范围分别介于0.04~0.10 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和14.04~33.72 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),均值分别为(0.07±0.01)mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和(24.74±2.33)mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),均表现为大气库中CH_4释放源,呈现夜高昼低的特征;(2)未排干养殖塘N_2O通量范围和均值分别介于-0.027~0.011 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和(0.002±0.004)mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),整体上呈现昼低夜高的特征,而排干养殖塘N_2O通量范围和均值分别介于0.59~1.76 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和(1.07±0.15)mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),整体上呈现昼高夜低的特征.以上研究结果初步揭示,排干初期的河口区养殖塘排水活动不仅显著增加温室气体(CH_4和N_2O)排放强度,也可以显著改变养殖塘温室气体通量的日动态特征.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 in a petrochemical city: Implications for primary and secondary carbonaceous component

To study the pollution features and underlying mechanism of PM_2.5 in Luoyang, a typical developing urban site in the central plain of China, 303 PM_2.5 samples were collected from April 16 to December 29, 2015 to analyze the elements, water soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon and elemental carbon. The annual mean concentration of PM_2.5 was 142.3 μg/m³, and 75% of the daily PM_2.5 concentrations exceeded the 75 μg/m³. The secondary inorganic ions, organic matter and mineral dust were the most abundant species, accounting for 39.6%, 19.2% and 9.3% of the total mass concentration, respectively. But the major chemical components showed clear seasonal dependence. SO₄^2? was most abundant specie in spring and summer, which related to intensive photochemical reaction under high O₃ concentration. In contrast, the secondary organic carbon and ammonium while primary organic carbon and ammonium significantly contributed to haze formation in autumn and winter, respectively. This indicated that the collaboration effect of secondary inorganic aerosols and carbonaceous matters result in heavy haze in autumn and winter. Six main sources were identified by positive matrix factorization model: industrial emission, combustion sources, traffic emission, mineral dust, oil combustion and secondary sulfate, with the annual contribution of 24%, 20%, 24%, 4%, 5% and 23%, respectively. The potential source contribution function analysis pointed that the contribution of the local and short-range regional transportation had significant impact. This result highlighted that local primary carbonaceous and precursor of secondary carbonaceous mitigation would be key to reduce PM_2.5 and O₃ during heavy haze episodes in winter and autumn.     

Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of atmospheric bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Beijing-Tianjin region, North China

Bulk deposition samples were collected in remote, rural village and urban areas of Beijing-Tianjin region, North China in spring, summer, fall and winter from 2007 to 2008. The annually averaged PAHs concentration and deposition flux were 11.81 ± 4.61 μg/g and 5.2 ± 3.89 μg/m²/day respectively. PHE and FLA had the highest deposition flux, accounting for 35.3% and 20.7% of total deposition flux, respectively. More exposure risk from deposition existed in the fall for the local inhabitants. In addition, the PAHs deposition flux in rural villages (3.91 μg/m²/day) and urban areas (8.28 μg/m²/day) was 3.8 and 9.1 times higher than in background area (0.82 μg/m²/day), respectively. This spatial variation of deposition fluxes of PAHs was related to the PAHs emission sources, local population density and air concentration of PAHs, and the PAHs emission sources alone can explain 36%, 49%, 21% and 30% of the spatial variation in spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively.     

准好氧填埋氮转化影响因子变化规律试验研究

依据准好氧填埋工艺原理建立了试验装置,定期监测渗滤液硝氮、氨氮、温度、pH值、氧气含量,ORP(氧化还原电位),研究准好氧填埋过程中氮转化的影响因子变化规律.结果表明,温度呈现先上升后下降再回升的变化趋势;pH值呈现出先上升再下降的变化趋势,最大值达到8.74,之后下降到7.91.填埋开始阶段,填埋层的氧气浓度缓慢下降,最低下降到3.43%,随着空气经导气管和渗滤液收集管进入填埋体,氧气浓度明显上升达到10.46%.进入填埋后期,氧气浓度再次下降,最低到1.61%.填埋试验后期,ORP均小于150 mV,最大值为123 mV,最小值为-166 mV.     

京津唐地区臭氧时空分布特征与气象因子的关联性研究

京津唐地区随着经济的快速发展和城市化的不断推进,臭氧污染呈现加重的趋势,深入了解臭氧浓度时空变化特征及其变化驱动机制是采取科学有效防控措施的前提和基础.本研究针对京津唐地区近地面臭氧浓度快速增加的2016年,利用卫星遥感反演数据、地面每小时监测数据及气象观测资料,分析探讨了近地面臭氧浓度时空分布及与温度、压强、蒸发量、...     

Seasonal variation of municipal solid waste generation and composition in four East European cities

The quality of recyclable and residual municipal solid waste (MSW) is, among other factors, strongly influenced by the seasonal variation in MSW composition. However, a relatively marginal amount of published data on seasonal MSW composition especially in East European countries do not provide sufficient information on this phenomenon. This study provides results from municipal waste composition research campaigns conducted during the period of 2009–2011 in four cities of Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine and Georgia). The median monthly MSW generation values ranged from 18.70 in Kutaisi (Georgia) to 38.31 kg capita⁻¹ month⁻¹ in Kaunas (Lithuania). The quantitative estimation of seasonal variation was performed by fitting the collected data to time series forecasting models, such as non-parametric seasonal exponential smoothing, Winters additive, and Winters multiplicative methods.