基于AHP-Fuzzy的循环经济技术综合评价方法研究

国家将制定重点领域循环经济技术清单,引导和发展循环经济。在此背景下,本文针对循环经济技术的筛选,开展了综合评价方法的实证研究,结果显示该技术属于一级循环经济技术,并在资源节约与废弃物减排方面具有显著效益,表明本文构建的综合评价方法实现了对备选循环经济技术的综合评价、分级和排序,可以为企业、国家选择循环经济技术提供参考。     

The Ability of Urban Residential Lawns to Disconnect Impervious Area from Municipal Sewer Systems1

Abstract: Runoff from urban catchments depends largely on the amount of impervious surface and the connectivity of these surfaces to the storm sewer drainage system. In residential areas, pervious lawns can be used to help manage stormwater runoff by intercepting and infiltrating runoff from impervious surfaces. The goal of this research was to develop and evaluate a simple method for estimating the reduction in stormwater runoff that results when runoff from an impervious surface (e.g., rooftop) is directed onto a pervious surface (e.g., lawn). Fifty‐two stormwater runoff reduction tests were conducted on six residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin during the summer of 2004. An infiltration‐loss model that requires inputs of steady‐state infiltration rate, abstraction (defined here as surface storage, vegetation interception and cumulative total infiltration minus steady‐state infiltration during the period prior to steady‐state), and inundated area was evaluated using experimental data. The most accurate results were obtained using the observed steady‐state infiltration rates and inundated areas for each test, combined with a constant abstraction for all tests [root mean squared (RMS) difference = 1.0 cm]. A second case utilized lawn‐averaged steady‐state infiltration rates, a regression estimate of inundated area based on flow‐path length, and lawn‐specific abstractions based on infiltration rate (RMS difference = 2.2 cm). In practice, infiltration rates will likely be determined using double‐ring infiltration measurements (RMS difference = 3.1 cm) or soil texture (RMS difference = 5.7 cm). A generalized form of the model is presented and used to estimate annual stormwater runoff volume reductions for Madison. Results indicate the usefulness of urban lawns as a stormwater management practice and could be used to improve urban runoff models that incorporate indirectly connected impervious areas.     

Impacts of Alternative Manure Application Rates on Texas Animal Feeding Operations: A Macro Level Analysis1

Abstract: An integrated economic and environmental modeling system was developed for evaluating agro‐environmental policies and practices implemented on large scales. The modeling system, the Comprehensive Economic and Environmental Optimization Tool‐Macro Modeling System (CEEOT‐MMS), integrates the Farm‐level Economic Model (FEM) and the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model, as well as national databases and clustering and aggregation algorithms. Using micro simulations of statistically derived representative farms and subsequent aggregation of farm‐level results, a wide range of agricultural best management practices can be investigated within CEEOT‐MMS. In the present study, CEEOT‐MMS was used to evaluate the economic and water quality impacts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) based manure application rates when implemented on all animal feeding operations in the State of Texas. Results of the study indicate that edge‐of‐field total P losses can be reduced by about 0.8 kg/ha/year or 14% when manure applications are calibrated to supply all of the recommended crop P requirements from manure total P sources only, when compared to manure applications at the recommended crop N agronomic rate. Corresponding economic impacts are projected to average a US$4,800 annual cost increase per farm. Results are also presented by ecological subregion, farm type, and farm size categories.     

Model Calculations of Total Maximum Daily Loads of Mercury for Drainage Lakes1

Abstract: The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework watershed model was enhanced to simulate the transport and fate of mercury and to calculate the fish mercury concentrations (FMC) attained by fish through the food web. The model was applied to Western Lake Superior Basin of Minnesota, which has many peat lands and lakes. Topographic, land use, and soil data were used to set up the model. Meteorology and precipitation chemistry data from nearby monitoring stations were compiled to drive the model. Simulated flow and mercury concentrations for several stream stations were comparable to available data. The model was used to perform mercury total maximum daily load calculations for two contrasting drainage lakes (Wild Rice Lake and Whiteface Reservoir). The model results for wet deposition, dry deposition, evasion, watershed yield, and soil sequestration of mercury were comparable with available actual data. The model predicted lake ice cover from November to April and weak stratification in summer, typical of shallow lakes in cold regions. The simulated sulfate decrease and methylmercury increase near the lake bottom in late summer are caused by sulfate reduction and mercury methylation that occur in the surficial sediment. Simulated FMC were within the range of observed values and the R² of correlation between the simulated and observed FMC was 0.77. Under the 1989‐2004 base condition, the average simulated FMC of four‐year‐old walleye was 0.31 μg/g for Whiteface Reservoir and 0.15 μg/g for Wild Rice Lake. The FMC criterion in Minnesota is 0.2 μg/g. Wild Rice Lake already meets this criterion without any load reduction. The model showed that a 65% reduction in atmospheric mercury deposition will not, by itself, allow Whiteface Reservoir to meet the criterion in 15 years. Additional best management practices will be needed to reduce 50% of the watershed input.     

江苏油田含油污泥的处理

含油污泥是油田生产过程中产生的固体废物,已被列入《国家危险废物名录》,其无害化处理在国内外仍是一个未攻克的难题。通过对江苏油田含油污泥的实验分析可知,储油罐底泥的含油量比较高,污泥油含量较低,采用1:1比例混合后进行处理,可节约成本。同时对不同的处理剂进行了单因素分析,并通过正交实验确定了含油污泥处理的最佳工艺条件。     

交通与气象因子对不同粒径大气颗粒物的影响机制研究

为了研究北京市气象因子与车流量、车速等交通因子对PM2.5、PM10浓度水平的影响,在市区三环主路及居民区选取了28个采样点,采集滞尘量,PM2.5、PM10浓度、车速、车流量、温度、湿度、风速等数据.通过3个月的滞尘质量分析,得出交通源对空气质量的影响是显著的,其中三环主道路两侧采样点和远离交通源对照点滞尘均值分别为0.284 g和0.016 g.再由道路口与居民区对比实验(局部实验)得出,居民区采样点测得的PM2.5和PM10浓度均低于道路口颗粒物浓度,差值均值分别为101 074 n·(cf)-1和15 386 n·(cf)-1,同时PM2.5白天浓度一般低于夜间.最后结合最佳子集预测模型分析得出,PM2.5和PM10受到湿度和温度的影响最大,车速、车流量、风速次之,其中车速、车流量、低风速对颗粒物PM2.5的影响比对PM10的影响更为显著.     

新型干法水泥生产中二恶英减排的环境技术经济研究

分析了水泥生产过程中多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃(以下简称“二恶英”)的产生机理和国内外排放情况,针对我国部分新型干法水泥窑生产工艺二恶英排放偏高和窑炉能效偏低的问题,选择典型的新型干法水泥窑,开展了二恶英、常规污染物排放情况监测和能效检测及诊断,提出了二恶英协同减排措施,实施了有针对性的技术改造,并对改造后的排放和能效改进情况、环境和经济效益进行了系统评估. 结果表明:采用提高能效、充分燃烧、快速冷却废气及确保进入除尘器的废气温度低于200 ℃等二恶英减排最佳可行技术,烟气中二恶英的量降低了91.8%,单位熟料的能耗水平降低了2.08%;同时,颗粒物等常规污染物和二氧化碳等温室气体也实现了协同减排. 企业通过节能和余热利用获取了经济效益.      

第二松花江中下游水体重金属特征及潜在生态风险

通过测定第二松花江中下游水体中重金属的含量,探讨了水体重金属的分布特征,并采用潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,水中重金属含量较低,沉积物中重金属含量均远高于该河段水中重金属含量;水和沉积物重金属含量沿程变化规律一致,即在市区河段中的含量远高于非市区河段;沉积物重金属呈现中等至极强的生态风险,以Hg和Cd的生态风险为主。     

基于模型模拟的城市非点源污染控制措施设计

目前针对城市小流域进行非点源污染控制措施去污效果的模拟研究处于起步阶段.利用L-THIA模型模拟武汉市汉阳地区三角湖流域2个小汇水单元（Sj1、Sj2）不同土地利用类型上的非点源污染物累积量,模拟得出1次典型降雨前Sj1和Sj2中污染物总量分别为1 .82×10⁴ kg、1 .38×10⁵ kg.基于“源-汇”和格局与过程相互作用理论,针对降雨前2 h内产生的径流,从源、污染物迁移过程和汇3个阶段采取绿色屋顶、草地、多孔路面、渗透渠、植被过滤带和湿塘等多种BMPs及其组合,进行去污效果模拟.结果显示经系列化BMPs处理后进入三角湖的污染物量占Sj1、Sj2总污染物量的14 .65%和6 .57%,控制措施效果比较明显.在流域或区域尺度上,利用L-THIA模型可以在工程建设之前进行效果预测模拟,以减少不必要的风险.     

基于SWAT模型的磷负荷削减最佳管理措施(BMPs)评估研究

基于高空间分辨（0.07 m）土地利用数据和详细的农业管理信息,利用SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）模型对关帝河子流域的农业耕作进行精细化模拟,评估了4种农业最佳管理措施（BMPs）对非点源磷负荷的削减效果.结果表明：3个水文站径流的率定结果均达到R²>0.5、NSE>0.4、PBIAS<±35%,其中,2个站点的R²>0.6、NSE>0.5、PBIAS<±5%;总磷率定的R²>0.9、NSE>0.9、PBIAS<±20%,即SWAT模型对径流和总磷的模拟值均与实测值展现出较高的一致性.在流域尺度上,对总磷负荷的削减效率由高到低排序依次为：植被缓冲带>15°以上坡地退耕还林 > 有林地补植 > 化肥减施.宽度为1~5 m的植被缓冲带对总磷负荷的削减效率可达30%~48%;15°以上坡地退耕还林的实施可以削减约30%的总磷负荷,同时可能增加农民收入;然而,由于研究区土地利用格局和降水条件的特殊性,有林地补植和化肥减施对削减总磷负荷的影响较小,削减效率均不足1%.