Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

原子吸收火焰法次灵敏线测定污水和电镀污泥中高含量的锌

对采用原子吸收火焰法次灵敏线测定污水和电镀污泥中高含量的锌进行了研究。试验结果表明：在锌浓度50．0～600．0mg/L之间,溶液锌含量与吸光度呈线性关系。线性回归方程为y＝0．000661x-0．0007,相关系数γ＝0．9998。方法检出限为25．0mg/L,相对标准误差（RSD）＜2．96％,加标回收率为92．5％～105％,与标准法的相对误差＜2．76％。     

可吸入颗粒物污染与气象因子的关系

对闸北区空气自动监测站2009年SO2、NO2、PM10的浓度和气象参数变化特征进行研究,可吸入颗粒物的时间变化特征表明,总体上呈现冬春季高、夏秋季低;PM10与降水量、相对湿度、温度呈现一定的负相关性,但与风速的相关性随季节不同而不同,与气压略呈正相关性。对典型日和灰霾日PM10、SO2、NO2以及相应气象因子的特征进行了分析比较。     

呼和浩特市工业料堆扬尘排放清单研究

颗粒物污染是影响中国城市空气质量的首要因素。工业料堆扬尘是城市大气颗粒物污染的主要来源之一。本文通过对呼和浩特市建成区内典型行业风蚀、作业及交通运输扬尘进行采样分析,应用美国AP-42提供的模型,以2006年作为基准年,建立了呼和浩特市工业料堆排放清单。研究结果表明:呼和浩特市建成区内工业料堆扬尘排放量为TSP:5 305 t/a,PM10:1 012 t/a,PM2.5:267 t/a。从空间分布看玉泉区工业料堆扬尘排放量最大,其次是赛罕区。行业分布上排放最大的行业是建材工业,其次是电力热力工业,最少的是化工工业。在各行业类别的工业料堆排放量中,交通运输扬尘排放量是最大的。     

海洋颗粒有机碳的遥感探测与应用分析

海洋颗粒有机碳(POC)监测对研究海洋碳循环和全球变化有重要意义。为寻求POC探测的有效方法,先讨论了POC的定义组成,介绍了POC的常规测定方法及国内外POC相关研究进展,接着介绍了国外POC遥感探测方法原理。通过对常规测定方法和遥感探测方法优缺点对比分析,我们认为遥感探测海洋POC方法将成为海洋环境监测的重要手段。采用2009年8月的MODIS数据,借鉴蓝绿光比值法建立的POC遥感反演模型,进行了渤海POC的遥感探测,从大尺度揭示了整个渤海POC的分布态势,最高值达370 mg/m3。结果表明:POC遥感探测方法可有效、迅捷、直观反映海区POC变化,因此研究建立具有区域特点的POC生物光学遥感模型用于POC监测,将是海洋环境监测和海洋碳循环研究的重要方向之一。     

营养盐水平对念珠藻胞外有机物产生的影响

以我国湖泊典型固氮蓝藻发状念珠藻(Nostoc flagelliforme)为研究对象,考察了氮、磷营养盐对发状念珠藻生长特性及其胞外有机物产生的影响.采用藻细胞浓度计数法表征发状念珠藻生长特性;分别采用溶解性有机碳(DOC)、三维荧光光谱(EEM)和紫外-可见光谱法,从总量和主要物质方面分析了发状念珠藻胞外有机物的产生规律.结果表明,在不同氮、磷营养水平下,发状念珠藻的4个关键生长时期基本相同,氮是控制发状念珠藻生长的关键营养控制要素;氮营养元素浓度的增高,有利于发状念珠藻产生胞外有机物,其产生量逐渐增大,而磷营养元素浓度的增高对胞外有机物产生量贡献较小,氮营养盐是发状念珠藻产生胞外有机物的关键限制因子;通过EEM谱图分析,发状念珠藻胞外有机物主要以类氨基酸类物质和类富里酸物质为主.以磷为控制营养盐时,类富里酸是主要的胞外有机物之一,以氮为控制营养盐时,类富里酸产生量极低;作为主要的胞外有机物,蛋白质和碳水化合物的产生规律显著不同,其中蛋白质含量显著高于碳水化合物含量.     

粒级、pH和有机质对汞在松花江沉积物表面吸附-解吸的影响

为进一步揭示汞在松花江沉积物表面的环境行为,通过模拟实验,研究粒级、pH和溶解性有机质(DOM)对汞在松花江沉积物表面吸附-解吸量的影响.结果表明,不同粒级沉积物的吸附能力差别较大,本实验条件下,沉积物粒级越小,其吸附能力越强.在各种浓度的实验设计组中均有:pH由3.5升高至4.5时,吸附量增加,当pH4.5时,随pH的继续升高吸附量开始降低;沉积物中汞的解吸量随pH的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势变化,各体系的最小值均出现在pH5.柠檬酸对沉积物吸附汞的影响以抑制作用为主,其抑制作用强度与吸附体系中汞浓度有关;柠檬酸对解吸量的影响也比较明显,随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,对沉积物中汞解吸作用的影响表现为促进-抑制-稳定的变化趋势.因此,以上因素对汞在沉积物表面吸附-解吸的影响较大,在进行河流汞污染控制及突发污染事件处理时,有必要充分考虑以上因素的影响.     

巢湖周围池塘氮、磷和有机质研究

巢湖周围池塘众多,根据池塘位置和地表径流补给差异,池塘可以分为村庄内池塘、毗邻村庄池塘和农田区域池塘(远离村庄的池塘).本研究采集了巢湖周围136口池塘上覆水和沉积物样品,调查巢湖周围池塘中氮、磷以及有机质污染现状.结果表明,池塘上覆水中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、溶解态磷和COD平均含量分别为2.53、0.65、0.18、0.02、0.97、0.38和51.58mg·L-1;池塘沉积物中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、无机磷、有机磷和烧失量平均含量分别为1575.36、35.73、13.30、2.88、933.19、490.14、414.75mg·kg-1和5.44%;90%以上的池塘总氮、总磷含量达到或超过富营养化水平.位于村庄内的池塘上覆水和沉积物中总氮和氨氮的含量显著高于位于农田区域的池塘.上覆水和沉积物中无机氮表现为:氨氮硝态氮亚硝态氮.池塘上覆水和沉积物中有机质与总氮、总磷之间存在显著的正相关性.池塘中氮、磷和有机物质主要为陆源性输入,池塘位置和径流补给方式明显影响其中的氮、磷和有机质含量.通过截留径流中的氮、磷和有机质,池塘能够有效减少进入巢湖的营养盐含量.     

Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency

Many regions of the world are predicted to experience water scarcity due to more frequent and more severe droughts and increased water demands. Water use efficiency by plants can be negatively affected by soil water repellency (SWR). It is timely to review existing techniques to remedy SWR. Ideally remediation addresses the origins of a problem. However, the fundamental mechanisms of how and why SWR develops are still poorly understood. In this review it was hypothesized that SWR occurs where the balance of input-decomposition of organic matter is impaired, due to either increased input or decreased decomposition rates of hydrophobic substances. Direct and indirect strategies to remedy SWR were distinguished. While direct remediation aims at abolishing the causes of SWR, indirect strategies seek to manage sites with SWR by treating its symptoms. The 12 reviewed strategies include applying surfactants, clay, slow-release fertilizers, lime, and fungicides, bioremediation of SWR through stimulating earthworms, choosing adapted vegetation, irrigation, cultivation, soil aeration and compaction. Some of the techniques have been applied successfully only in laboratory experiments. Our review highlights that it is not straightforward to cure SWR based on easily measurable and site-specific soil and vegetation properties, and that long-term, large-scale field experiments are required to improve the understanding of the evolution of SWR as cornerstone to develop cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. We also identified current research gaps around the diagnosis and prevention of SWR.     

搅拌-序批式活性污泥反应器(WSBR)中好氧颗粒污泥的特性研究

为研究搅拌-序批式活性污泥反应器(WSBR)中好氧颗粒污泥的特性,利用WSBR反应器与传统SBR反应器对好氧活性污泥颗粒化的过程进行了比较.结果表明,在添加同量的聚炳烯酰胺(PAM)条件下,具有合理二次流场的WSBR反应器在4d就可见好氧颗粒污泥,而SBR反应器则在第10d才出现好氧颗粒污泥,且WSBR反应器中好氧颗粒...