有机肥施用对珠三角菜地土壤磷污染风险的初步研究

通过田间小区试验研究有机肥施用量对菜心产量、土壤磷形态的影响,分析土壤磷形态之间的相关性,评估菜地红壤磷污染风险。结果表明,有机肥施用并未提高菜心的产量和生物量,而超过一定使用量之后,反而降低菜心产量和生物量;土壤无机磷形态以Fe-P和Al-P为主,占土壤无机磷质量分数的90%以上。有机肥施用提高土壤各形态无机磷的质量分数,且有机肥用量越高,土壤Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P质量分数越高。有机肥过量施用显著提高土壤速效磷和水溶性磷质量分数;分别对Olsen-P和CaCl2-P与各形态磷进行逐步回归分析,只有Olsen-P和CaCl2-P与Ca-P具有线性关系（p〈0.05）,方程为Y1=36.95＋0.622 1X,Y2=-0.102 5＋0.048 6X。表明施用有机肥下,Ca-P是菜地土壤有效磷的最直接来源,可以作为红壤磷污染风险评价指标。     

Distraction in older drivers - A face-to-face interview study

The prevalence of older drivers’ engagement in distracting activities while driving is largely unexplored. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the city of Braunschweig, Germany, comparing a sample of older drivers (n = 205) to a group of middle-aged drivers (n = 209). The drivers were interviewed on their engagement in distracting activities during the last half an hour of their driving trip, including the frequency and duration of these activities, their perception of the risk associated with these distracting activities and the role of these activities in at-fault crashes. Middle-aged drivers were significantly more likely to engage in certain distracting activities than older drivers. With regard to the duration of interactions with the passengers older drivers were significantly more talkative than middle-aged drivers. Middle-aged drivers rated most of the distracting activities as significantly less dangerous than older drivers. Distraction-related crashes are not a special problem of older drivers but seem to be very comparable to the middle-aged drivers. It is concluded that older drivers’ reluctance to engage in distracting tasks while driving is either a process of self-regulation or their age-related prudence. The study is the first to gather knowledge about distraction in German older drivers. Although older drivers are not currently overrepresented in distraction-related crashes, it is important to note that future cohorts of older drivers might differ in the way they engage with vehicles and technologies, which in turn may influence their driving patterns and willingness to engage in potentially distracting activities.     

基于可拓层次分析法的铁矿危险性评价研究

我国铁矿伤亡事故后果比较严重,重特大事故时有发生。基于可拓层次分析法(EAHP),结合可拓工程方法,在物元模型理论的基础上建立了铁矿危险性评价的物元模型,聘请5位专家对铁矿危险性的评价指标体系的10项指标进行评价,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重,并对大红山铁矿的危险性进行评价,得出危险性等级为危险性较小、安全性较好,也说明了该铁矿需要进一步采取安全措施,加强安全管理,提高其安全程度,从而避免事故的发生,该方法为铁矿危险性评价提供了一条新的方法和手段。     

Magneto-biomonitoring of intra-urban spatial variations of particulate matter using tree leaves

Preliminary mineral magnetic results from a pilot project investigating the suitability of roadside tree leaves as depositories of vehicular pollution are presented. Tree leaf surfaces (Lime: Tilia europaea; Sycamore: Acer pseudoplatanus) at four roadside and one woodland location in Wolverhampton, UK, have been monitored (July 2003 to November 2003). Mineral magnetic technologies have revealed spatial variations of particulate pollution concentration throughout the conurbation and data analysis indicates that magnetic concentration parameters are suitable proxies for fine particulate pollution, which are particularly hazardous to health. Site-specific traffic management and associated vehicle behaviour appear to be chiefly responsible for the magnetic concentration differences between sites. Magneto-biomonitoring in this way allows the high-resolution spatial mapping of particulate matter (PM) pollution, which may also benefit epidemiology in better assessing exposure to vehicular-derived particulates. Given the speed, measurement sensitivity and non-destructive nature of the technique, it is proposed that this low-cost approach offers some advantages over centralised monitoring stations to monitor urban roadside particulate pollution.     

膜-生物反应器中溶解性有机物的三维荧光分析

采用三维荧光技术研究了膜-生物反应器(MBR)处理生活污水过程及膜污染物中溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化,并与传统的厌氧/缺氧/好氧(AAO)活性污泥工艺进行了对比.结果表明,生活污水DOM中主要的荧光物质有类蛋白质(荧光峰A和B)及类腐殖质(荧光峰C),经MBR处理后,荧光峰的强度降低了16%~35%,同时类蛋白质的结构也发生了变化.与好氧段滤液相比,溶解性膜污染物中类腐殖质含量较低,主要的荧光物质为分子量较小、共轭性较弱的类蛋白质.AAO工艺中厌氧段加强了对荧光峰A和C的去除,处理过程中类蛋白质结构的变化与MBR工艺有显著不同.     

硝酸改性活性炭对渗滤液中小分子有机物的吸附性能

以硝酸为改性剂,分别采用浸渍和浸渍-高温热处理方法对活性炭进行了改性.低温氮吸附结果表明,活性炭表面积和微孔体积在浸渍后都变小,再经过高温热处理后则都变大.酸碱滴定显示,改性后活性炭表面酸性都增大,其中浸渍的酸性最大.对填埋场渗滤液中小分子有机物进行了等温线和动力学吸附实验,结果发现改性后活性炭对有机物的吸附量增加;硝酸浸渍活性炭吸附速率降低,而浸渍-高温热处理则使吸附速率明显加快.针对渗滤液中小分子有机物,硝酸浸渍-高温热处理的活性炭吸附效果最好,吸附量最大,吸附速率最快.     

A physical-microbial food web coupled model to study the evolution of the ecological functioning of a new reservoir after its flooding (Sep,Puy de Dôme)

The aim of this paper is to understand the temporal changes in planktonic populations and to highlight some important factors that control the biological functioning and evolution of a recently flooded reservoir, the Sep reservoir (Massif Central, France). To achieve this objective, a 1D vertical coupled physical–biological model was used and developed. It couples relevant physical processes (dispersion, advection and convection) with biological processes taking into account the complexity of interactions within the microbial food web, including the conventional grazing food chain with a microbial loop.     

轨道交通枢纽灾害风险等级评估方法研究

轨道交通枢纽灾害发生具有随机性和复杂性特征。为了评价轨道交通枢纽灾害风险,对轨道交通枢纽运营灾害的进行了调研,应用事故树法对轨道交通枢纽进行了灾害识别;基于物元理论,分析了灾害事件影响后果并协同考虑灾害事件的发生概率,建立轨道交通枢纽灾害风险等级划分标准,确定致灾因子的风险等级;采用层次分析法确定致灾因子权重系数,运用加权平均的原则确定典型灾害风险等级,并应用灾害链理论对灾害风险等级进行修正。最后以实例分析的方式证明该评价方法的可行性和客观性。     

金属矿井热害评价体系与评价方法

为减小金属矿井热害对井下人员安全及井下开采工作的不利影响,需对井下热害进行评价和预测。基于文献调查和专家评价方法,结合工程实际,利用层次分析法构建金属矿井采矿热害评价体系,从生产能力、地质条件、矿井通风、地理环境四个方面提出17个评价指标。在分析层次分析法（AHP）确定权重不足的基础上,结合物元分析理论,建立确定金属矿井热害评价各因素权重的物元分析模型。在各评价因素权重确定的基础上,以BP神经网络作为评价工具,构建金属矿井热害综合评价预测模型。最后,以某矿山为例,进行评价和预测分析。结果表明,基于物元分析和AHP的BP深井网络评价模型预测误差最大只有3%。     

春、冬季长江口颗粒有机碳的时空分布及输运特征

根据2012年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)对长江口2个航次的调查数据,分析了春、冬季长江口颗粒有机碳(POC)的时空分布及影响因素,并探讨其输运特征.结果表明:2012年春季长江口POC的浓度为0.23~31.61mg/L,均值为2.55mg/L;冬季POC的浓度为0.16~5.82mg/L,均值1.42mg/L.春、冬季POC空间分布整体呈现近岸高远岸低、表层低底层高的特征,最高值均出现在口门附近.POC与悬浮物(TSM)呈极显著线性正相关,而与叶绿素a(Chl a)的相关性均较差,表明陆源输入对长江口POC的分布影响很大;POC/Chl a比值测算表明有机碎屑是调查水域POC的主要来源和存在形式,定量估算结果表明浮游植物生物量对春、冬季长江口POC的贡献分别仅1.26%和0.9%,且浮游植物对POC的贡献分别在TSM小于110mg/L和100mg/L时才能表现出来.春、冬季长江口TSM分别在大于117mg/L和335mg/L时,有机碳入海以颗粒态为主,反之则以溶解态为主.长江输送至河口的悬浮物中POC的百分含量(POC%)在春、冬季分别为0.9%和0.4%.春、冬季长江口最大浑浊带对POC的过滤效率分别达89%和69%,大量POC随泥沙在最大浑浊带发生了沉降.