Origin and transport of U and Ra in riverine,estuarine and marine sediments of the Krka River,Croatia

Spatial distribution of ²³⁸U and ²²⁶Ra activities in sediment columns along the Krka River and estuary, were studied using gamma spectrometry. Markedly different ²³⁸U and ²²⁶Ra activities between riverine, estuarine and marine sediments were observed. Distribution of these radionuclides, as well as their anthropogenic and natural origin, was evaluated by activity measurements, taking into account sedimentation rates estimated by ¹³⁷Cs distribution in sediment columns.     

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China

PCN congeners were analyzed in marine and riverine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China. Concentrations of PCNs ranged from 0.12 to 5.1 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 1.1 ng g⁻¹ dw. The levels of PCNs varied largely, with industrial group approximately ten folds higher than those of the rural in riverine sediment. A strong impact by direct discharge from local factories was suggested. Similar compositional profiles were found within groups. High resemblance of compositional profiles between industrial samples and Halowax 1014 was observed. It was indicated that PCNs in riverine sediments were mainly from release of industrial usage, with additional contributions from industrial thermal process at certain sites. In marine sediments, it was suggested that PCNs along the coast of Laizhou Bay were mainly controlled by riverine input. While in the central bay, PCN distributions were possibly impacted by combined multiple factors.     

基于ARIMA-LOESS模型的危化品道路运输事故起数预测

文章针对危化品道路运输事故预测问题,运用差分自回归移动平均模型(Autoregressive Integrat-ed Moving Average,ARIMA)与局部加权回归模型(Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing,LOESS)的组合模型,对我国危化品道路运输事故发生起数进行...     

粤北地区一次臭氧污染过程分析及数值模拟

2020年7月1日,粤北地区出现了一次O₃污染过程,其中韶关市录得全省最高值162μg·m^-3.本文利用常规观测资料以及再分析资料对影响此次韶关地区O₃污染过程的主要气象场特征进行分析,结果表明：6月28日—7月2日天气形势总体处于静稳状态,地面受到均压场控制,同时副热带高压较强,脊线位于韶关上空,导致中高层有下沉气流,抑制了垂直方向污染物的扩散.6月28—30日(污染积累阶段),风速较大,韶关在外来输送和污染扩散条件的共同作用下,O₃浓度上升但未超标.7月1日(污染持续阶段),韶关和清远两地风速减小,污染扩散条件不利;同时气温有所上升,光化学反应作用增强,有利于O₃浓度攀升;同时广州和佛山两地的风向从偏南风转为偏北风,韶关市维持偏南风,主导风向的差异是全省只有韶关O₃超标的主要原因.7月2日(污染消散阶段),O₃外来传输及本地生成作用减弱,全省O₃浓度下降.进一步利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹以及WRF-CMAQ空...     

基于轨迹模型的和田绿洲沙尘移动轨迹及气象特征分析

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的和田绿洲为研究区域,使用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和NCEP的GDAS全球气象要素数据,将和田绿洲西北部的墨玉县城作为模拟受点(79.72°E,37.26°N),对2004—2018年墨玉县发生的2 891次沙尘天气进行36 h的后向轨迹模拟,并通过k-means聚类分析法,定量分析沙尘天气期间气流的传输路径及气象特征。结果表明：2004—2018年,研究区沙尘天气的发生频率变化幅度不大,没有明显的增减趋势;年内沙尘天气主要集中在春季和夏季（3—7月）,占全年沙尘天气总数的70.23%,5、6月是强沙尘暴最活跃期。在沙尘天气期间气流的移动高度和轨迹相差较大,按照气流的起源地和到达墨玉县的方向将沙尘暴分为NW-W簇、N-N簇、NE-E簇和E-ES簇4簇轨迹类型,其发生天数占比分别为18.9%、12.3%、60.1%和7.8%。由东向西的沙尘天气发生天数占比最高（60.1%）,但主要以浮尘天气为主;由西北向东南方向的沙尘发生频率不高,但移动速度最快,强沙尘暴和扬沙主要来自西北和西部方向;由北向南的沙尘暴速度最慢（1.36 m/s）,空气湿度最低（26.4%）,但气温最高（292.58 K）。定量印证了墨玉县沙尘暴不同传输路径,可为绿洲区沙尘暴研究提供参考。

     

地下水DNAPLs污染的研究进展

地下水有机污染特别是DNAPLs污染是当前国际上地下水污染控制的热点问题。本文综述了DNAPLs的监测技术、DNAPL在含水层的迁移及DNAPb污染场地修复技术的研究进展。     

Prioritizing Wetland Restoration for Sediment Yield Reduction: A Conceptual Model

In a climate of limited resources, it is often necessary to prioritize restoration efforts geographically. The synoptic approach is an ecologically based tool for geographic prioritization of wetland protection and restoration efforts. The approach was specifically designed to incorporate best professional judgment in cases where information and resources are otherwise limited. Synoptic assessments calculate indices for functional criteria in subunits (watersheds, counties, etc.) of a region and then rank the subunits. Ranks can be visualized in region-scale maps which enable managers to identify areas where efforts optimize functional performance on a regional scale. In this paper, we develop a conceptual model for prioritizing watersheds whose wetlands can be restored to reduce total sediment yield at the watershed outlet. The conceptual model is designed to rank watersheds but not individual wetlands within a watershed. The synoptic approach is valid for applying the sediment yield reduction model because there is high demand for prioritizing disturbed wetlands for restoration, but there is limited, quantitative, accurate information available with which to make decisions. Furthermore, the cost of creating a comprehensive database is prohibitively high. Finally, because the model will be used for planning purposes, and, specifically, for prioritizing based on multiple decisions rather than optimizing a single decision, the consequence of prioritization errors is low. Model results cannot be treated as scientific findings. The conclusions of an assessment are based on judgement, but this judgement is guided by scientific principles and a general understanding of relevant ecological processes. The conceptual model was developed as the first step towards prioritizing of wetland restoration for sediment yield reduction in US EPA Region 4.     

Pilot survey of a broad range of priority pollutants in sediment and fish from the Ebro river basin (NE Spain)

Priority organic pollutants were investigated in sediments and fish collected along the Ebro river basin (NE Spain) to evaluate their occurrence, transport and bioavailability. Sediments were collected in 18 sites and two species of fish were captured in nine sites according to the availability in each area. The sampling sites covered industrial, urban and agricultural areas. Four methods were used to detect 20 organochlorine compounds (OCs), 8 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 3 organotin compounds, 2 alkylphenols and 40 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from purified extracts. The contamination pattern was site specific and no downstream increase in concentration of pollutants was observed but rather a generalized low level diffuse pollution. Target compounds were detected in sediments at 0.01 to 2331 microg/kg dry weight, and only OCs and PBDEs were accumulated in benthopelagic fish. Toxicological assessment was performed according to predicted environmental levels and revealed sites where adverse effects could occur.     

Virus retention and transport through Al-oxide coated sand columns: effects of ionic strength and composition

Knowledge of the factors that influence the fate and transport of viruses in porous media is very important for accurately determining groundwater vulnerability and for developing protective regulations. In this study, six saturated sand column experiments were performed to examine the effects of a positively charged Al-oxide, which was coated on sand particles, on the retention and transport of viruses (phiX174 and MS-2) in background solutions of different ionic strength and composition. We found that the Al-oxide coating on sand significantly removed viruses during their transport in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Mass balance calculations showed that 34% of the input MS-2 was inactivated/irreversibly sorbed on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand whereas 100% of phiX174 was recovered. Results from this study also indicated that higher ionic strength facilitated the transport of both phiX174 and MS-2 through the Al-oxide coated sand. This was attributed to the effect of ion shielding, which at higher ionic strength decreased the electrostatic attraction between the viral particles and the sand surface and consequently decreased virus sorption. Strong effect of the ionic strength indicates that an outer-sphere complexation mechanism was responsible for the virus sorption on the Al-oxide coated sand. Ion composition of the background solutions was also found to be a significant factor in influencing virus retention and transport. Virus transport was enhanced in the presence of phosphate (HPO(4)(2-)) as compared to bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)), and the effect of HPO(4)(2-) was more significant on MS-2 than on phiX174. The presence of bivalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) increased virus transport because the cations partially screened the negative charges on the viruses therefore decreased the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged sand surface and the negatively charged viruses. Mass recovery data indicated that bivalent cations gave rise to a certain degree of inactivation/irreversibly sorption of phiX174 on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand. On the contrary, the bivalent cations appeared to have protected MS-2 from inactivation/irreversibly sorption. This study provides some insights into the mechanisms responsible for virus retention and transport in porous media.     

Kinetic modeling of microbially-driven redox chemistry of radionuclides in subsurface environments: coupling transport, microbial metabolism and geochemistry

Microbial reactions play an important role in regulating pore water chemistry as well as secondary mineral distribution in many subsurface systems and, therefore, may directly impact radionuclide migration in those systems. This paper presents a general modeling approach to couple microbial metabolism, redox chemistry, and radionuclide transport in a subsurface environment. To account for the likely achievement of quasi-steady state biomass accumulations in subsurface environments, a modification to the traditional microbial growth kinetic equation is proposed. The conditions for using biogeochemical models with or without an explicit representation of biomass growth are clarified. Based on the general approach proposed in this paper, the couplings of uranium reactions with biogeochemical processes are incorporated into computer code BIORXNTRN Version 2.0. The code is then used to simulate a subsurface contaminant migration scenario, in which a water flow containing both uranium and a complexing organic ligand is recharged into an oxic carbonate aquifer. The model simulation shows that Mn and Fe oxyhydroxides may vary significantly along a flow path. The simulation also shows that uranium(VI) can be reduced and therefore immobilized in the anoxic zone created by microbial degradation.