氮磷在塘-湿地组合生态系统中的去除机制研究

采用多种形式的塘和湿地组合生态工艺完善传统的生态塘和湿地系统,能实现系统处理环境的多样化,提升对氮、磷的去除效能。对山东某组合生态处理系统的研究表明,组合生态处理系统能够有效提升对氮、磷营养物的去除效果。各生态单元水环境的差异影响着氮和磷的主导去除机制,使氮、磷表现出不同的季节去除规律。其中氮的去除主要依靠生物的硝化反硝化作用。底泥中的磷按照Fe-P>OPalk>Al-P>Ca-P>OPres逐渐变为Ca-P>Fe-P>Al-P>OPalk>OPres,与磷共沉降逐渐成为的主导去除机制。     

基于层次分析法的危险品航空运输收运风险评估

危险品的收运是确保危险品安全空运的重要环节之一,因此把好收运关,使安全关口前移,对于安全空运危险品意义重大.本文通过查阅大量历史资料,根据影响危险品收运的因素分析,建立了危险品航空运输收运环节风险评估体系,同时采用层次分析法确定了各影响因素的权重,从而明确了各因素对危险品航空运输收运环节风险的大小或重要程度,并对影响收...     

城市交通低碳化的可能路径

低碳经济下的城市交通建设不仅要求建设足够的城市交通设施以满足居民对城市机动化的需求,同时必须发展与城市碳容系统相协调的交通体系以保持经济增长与环境需求间的动态平衡。因此中国在加快城市机动化推进的同时也面,陆着资源与环境问题的挑战。论文对中国如何发展城市交通低碳化进行了战略构想,从空间性减碳、技术性减碳和社会性减碳三方面着眼提出了可行性建议。     

广东省典型内河港区主要大气污染物排放特征研究

以广东省珠江三角洲地区某内河港区为对象,选取港区内船舶、作业机械、运输车辆的大气污染物排放计算方法,结合保有量、活动水平、燃油品质等基础信息计算了该港区在2013年的大气污染物排放量,并分析了其排放特征.结果表明,在内河港区及周边水域,船舶排放的SO2占比超过80％;其他污染因子方面,船舶排放占比32％～47％,作业机械排放占比36％ ～ 48％,运输车辆排放占比10％ ～32％.在内河港区及其周边水域,船舶及港区作业机械的排放均有突出污染贡献.     

Assessing BMP Effectiveness and Guiding BMP Planning Using Process‐Based Modeling

There is an increasing need for improved process‐based planning tools to assist watershed managers in the selection and placement of effective best management practices (BMPs). In this article, we present an approach, based on the Water Erosion Prediction Project model and a pesticide transport model, to identify dominant hydrologic flow paths and critical source areas for a variety of pollutant types. We use this approach to compare the relative impacts of BMPs on hydrology, erosion, sediment, and pollutant delivery within different landscapes. Specifically, we focus on using this approach to understand what factors promoted and/or hindered BMP effectiveness at three Conservation Effects Assessment Project watersheds: Paradise Creek Watershed in Idaho, Walnut Creek Watershed in Iowa, and Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed in Missouri. These watersheds were first broken down into unique land types based on soil and topographic characteristics. We used the model to assess BMP effectiveness in each of these land types. This simple process‐based modeling approach provided valuable insights that are not generally available to planners when selecting and locating BMPs and helped explain fundamental reasons why long‐term improvement in water quality of these three watersheds has yet to be completely realized.     

Modeling the Effects of Extreme Drought on Pollutant Transport Processes in the Yangtze River Estuary

Water resources in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), which is the vital water supply for Shanghai, decreased by approximately 2.45 Gm³ in 2006, the second‐worst recorded drought year. A numerical model was developed to investigate the effects of this extreme drought on pollutant transport processes in the YRE. The model was calibrated against observations and displayed good agreement. Residence time, a critical hydrodynamic indicator, was implemented to indicate pollutant transport processes. Numerical experiments were conducted to examine the possibly drought‐induced influences. The model results demonstrated that the influences on pollutant transport processes varied spatially and temporally, and these influences could partly explain the observed temporal and spatial variations of total nitrate in 2006. The area most susceptible to drought is in the north branch with 2‐11 days' extension of residence time. As the drought occurred in both the high and normal water periods, its influences were more significant during the normal water period with saltwater intrusion into the north branch. The drought also introduced a pollutant transport lag in timescale of approximately five days by diminishing the seaward advection flux with freshwater discharge. In 2006, the magnified tidal influence during the drought contributed more than usual to structuring pollutant transport, as the pollutant transport processes were intensely associated with tidal flow and tidal cycle.     

Impacts of surfactants on the ecotoxicological effects of TiO2-NP and/or Cd contamination in sediments北大核心CSCD

Surfactants may alter the interaction between engineered nanoparticles (ENP) and coexisting pollutants, and further influence the ecotoxicity of these pollutants. This research aimed to evaluate the impacts of the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDS) on the ecotoxicological effects of TiO2-NP and Cd combined contamination in freshwater sediments by deposit-feeding gastropoda Bellamya aeroginosa. We investigated the effects of TiO2-NP and/or Cd contamination in the presence of different concentrations of SDS on DNA damage, Na+, K+-ATPase activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels in the hepatopancreas of B. aeroginosa following 21-d chronic sediment bioassay. The results showed that low concentration (5 μg g-1) of Cd had no toxicity to B. aeroginosa, while relatively high concentration (25 μg g-1) displayed obvious toxicity, and that SDS could significantly enhance the toxicity of Cd to B. aeroginosa. TiO2-NP with nontoxic concentration could enhance the toxicity of Cd with low concentration to B. aeroginosa, but had no effects on the toxicity of Cd with high concentration. SDS could significantly enhance the toxicity of TiO2-NP and Cd combined contamination to B. aeroginosa in a SDS-concentration-dependent manner. When assessing the potential environmental risk of ENP, we should not only focus on the toxicity of ENP itself, or the interaction between ENP and coexisting contaminants, but also should consider the potential impacts of surfactants and other environmental factors.     

铀尾矿库渗漏地下含水层中六价铀的几种吸附反应运移模型对比

在铀尾矿地区,溶解态U(Ⅵ)渗漏到含水层中会对周围环境造成严重的威胁.使用反应运移软件PHT3D对U(Ⅵ)在含水层中的迁移和吸附过程进行模拟.结果表明,相比于不考虑吸附情形,考虑吸附的U(Ⅵ)反应迁移阻滞现象明显.线性和Langmuir吸附等温线模型在水动力条件复杂、地球化学条件多变时的模拟效果与表面络合模型相比较差,甚至有时得到与实际相反的结果,这说明了传统Kd吸附经验模型的局限性.由表面络合模型计算得出的分配系数Kd值是时空变化的,其更能反映实际中多变水化学条件下的吸附过程,适合描述复杂的不同水文地球化学条件.     

梅江流域沉积物中四环素类抗生素的空间分布特征及其迁移转化规律

为研究养殖业中四环素类(TCs)抗生素的使用对河流生态环境的影响,选取养殖业发达的江西省梅江流域作为研究区域,进行了养猪场规模及用药情况调查、水样采集与流域范围的沉积物样品采集.同时,利用固相萃取和超高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定了样品中11种TCs的浓度.结果显示,养猪场水样中TCs浓度在μg·L-1级,流域沉积物中TCs含量在μg·kg-1级.各子流域沉积物中大部分TCs含量与相应的养殖密度呈正相关关系.大多数TCs在小溪沉积物中的最大含量高于干流沉积物,说明TCs是从养猪场进入小溪流再逐渐迁移到干流中.3条支流(会同河、固厚河和琴江)的汇入都使得梅江干流沉积物中TCs含量增加,而梅江干流在没有支流汇入的区段从上游至下游TCs浓度呈衰减态势.四环素(Tetracycline,TC)和土霉素(Oxytetracycline,OTC)在迁移过程中主要的降解产物分别为差向四环素(4-Epitetracycline,ETC)和差向土霉素(4-Epioxytetracycline,EOTC),后两者同为差向异构化降解产物.尽管TCs在迁移过程中发生一定程度降解,但由于环境中养猪场的持续输入,使得TCs对河流生态系统仍然存在一定威胁.4-差向脱水四环素(4-Epianhydrotetracycline,EATC)等降解产物的浓度虽然低于其母体,但由于其环境毒性较大,因此,存在的生态风险不容忽视.     

Voting on sustainable transport: communication and governance challenges in Greater Manchester's ‘congestion charge’ referendum

In December 2008, the Greater Manchester electorate voted to reject a £3 billion package of transport measures that would have included investment in the conurbation's bus, tram and rail networks and walking and cycling infrastructure, together with, and partially funded by, the introduction of a congestion charge. The proposals followed a successful bid to the UK Government Transport Innovation Fund (TIF). High levels of car use present challenges to cities, and the TIF bid can be seen as an attempt to address these by promoting and facilitating a modal shift. The paper reflects on the debates surrounding the proposals, which led to a referendum. In particular, it explores the challenges of communicating complex, controversial plans in a fragmented and contested political arena.