WATER SUPPLY AND URBAN GROWTH PLANNING: A PARTNERSHIP1

ABSTRACT As urban expansion outstrips water supplies, the usual solution is to build pipelines to bring in water from sources farther afield. Such water supplies may act as either a leader of urban development or as a follower. In either case, this engineering approach to the provision of water has fostered less than optimal utilization of regional water and land resources for urban growth. More efficient utilization of these resources is achieved when water supply development and urban growth planning are conjoint activities. Water supply planners and land use planners, working together, are able to generate and evaluate the full range of urban development options, including water demand management through conservation. Preferred regional growth plans are achieved using the best mix of water supply and urban growth. The result is a reduced rate of water supply development and a reduction of urban expansion on prime lands. This partnership approach is demonstrated for the Calgary Region under two levels of water conservation.     

Effects of Nitrogen Supply on the Sensitivity to O3 of Growth and Photosynthesis of Japanese Beech (Fagus crenata) Seedlings

To obtain basic information for evaluating critical levels of O₃ under different nitrogen loads for protecting Japanese beech forests, two-year-old seedlings of Fagus crenata Blume were grown in potted andisol supplied with N as NH₄NO₃ solution at 0, 20 or 50 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and exposed to charcoal-filtered air or O₃ at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the ambient concentration from 16 April to 22 September 2004. The O₃ induced significant reductions in the whole-plant dry mass, net photosynthetic rate at 380 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ (A ₃₈₀), carboxylation efficiency (CE) and concentrations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and total soluble protein (TSP) in the leaves. The concentrations of Rubisco and TSP were negatively correlated with the concentration of leaf acidic amino acid, suggesting that O₃ enhanced the degradation of protein such as Rubisco. The N supply to the soil did not significantly change the whole-plant dry mass and A ₃₈₀, whereas it significantly increased the CE and concentrations of Rubisco and total amino acid. No significant interactive effects of O₃ and N supply to the soil were detected on the growth, photosynthetic parameters and concentrations of protein and amino acid in the leaves. In conclusion, N supply to the soil at ≤50 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ does not significantly change the sensitivity to O₃ of growth and net photosynthesis of Fagus crenata seedlings.     

连栽对杨树人工林林木生长的影响

通过野外调查和室内试验，研究苏北杨树产区相似立地条件下，不同种植代次的杨树人工林树高、胸径、材积和其叶片N、P、K3种营养元素含量的变化特征。结果表明，4年生林树高、胸径和材积从第三代开始出现明显下降，第二代4年生林生长较快，第三代林生长势与第一代大致相同。随栽植代数增加，7年生、10年生林树高、胸径、材积生长呈下降趋势，7年生林的树高、胸径、材积生长量受连栽的影响存在显著差异。不同年生林叶片营养元素受代次增加的影响未显示一定的规律性。     

Influence of static magnetic fields on nerve regeneration in vitro

Our research involves determining how non-invasive electric and magnetic fields influence neuronal growth in vitro. In previous studies we have shown that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) as well as direct current (DC) alone stimulate neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion explants [Sisken et al. 1984; Sisken et al. (Restor Neurol Neurosci 1:303–309, 1990); Greenebaum et al. (Bioelectromagnetics 17:293–302, 1996)]. A maximum response was obtained when nerve growth factor (NGF) was also present in the medium. The results of our experiments using static magnetic fields of different strengths are presented below and indicate that fields of high magnetic strength (450–900 gauss) with added NGF stimulate neurite outgrowth comparable to the response obtained with PEMF plus NGF.     

Comparing the Growth Characteristics of Three Bacteria Involved in Degrading Rubbers

Three bacteria isolated for degradation of rubbers were compared for their growth characteristics derived from the Bradford protein assay and turbidity (optical density, OD) measurement. Both Alcaligenes xylosoxidans T2 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa GP10 were fast-growing bacteria while Nocardia corynebacterioides S3 was a slow grower utilizing rubber as the sole source of carbon and energy, but the extent of degradation was lower by the formers than the latter. A. xylosoxidans T2, P. aeruginosa GP10 and N. corynebacterioides S3 showed a typical sigmoidal growth pattern based on binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 to bacterial proteins and spectrophotometrical measurement at 600 nm. Both assays showed similar growth characteristics for all three bacteria in this study. Degradation of rubber was more pronounced by N. corynebacterioides S3 than either A. xylosoxidans T2 or P. aeruginosa GP10 during 70 days of incubation. Our results suggest that slow-growing bacteria may play a much greater role in degrading polymeric materials than was previously believed.     

The Effects of Irrigation on Revegetation of Semi-Arid Coastal Sage Scrub in Southern California

Artemisia californica, represented nearly 100% of the species present at the end of two growing seasons. Irrigation may speed revegetation under some conditions, but was not very effective in establishing natural vegetation structure.     

Test of a Model to Assess the Condition of Lodgepole Pine Stands

/ A predictive model for assessing stand condition as a function of suitability for achieving specified management objectives was originally developed using a data set for only 28 stands. In this study, we evaluate the model using an operational-sized data set composed of currently collected stand inventory data for 238 stands in the Snowy Range of the Medicine Bow National Forest in southern Wyoming. We compared its predictions of old growth suitability to results of a separate special old growth survey. Stands were characterized as profiles of variables derived from stand inventory data, and plotted as points in two-dimensional space where similarity between stands was reflected by the distance between their points. Results suggest the model is useful for classifying stand condition using relatively large sets of data currently collected during routine stand inventories.     

再生水水质环境中典型水华藻的生长特性

基于微藻的生长潜力试验,研究了再生水回用于景观水体时的水华风险.结果表明,在天然混合藻种接种体系中,铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)在再生水水质条件下的生长潜力大于其他受试藻种,其在3种二级出水(A2O、氧化沟和活性污泥)中的最大藻密度均可大于106个.mL-1,比生长速率0.39 d-1.A2O-超滤膜过滤-活性炭吸附-氯消毒深度处理工艺没有有效减低铜绿微囊藻的生长潜力,难以减小水华风险.再生水中的TP浓度能够明显影响铜绿微囊藻的最大密度(Kmax)和最大种群增长速率(Rmax),且符合Monod方程.     

龙须菜对赤潮异弯藻和海洋原甲藻的生长抑制效应

在实验室条件下,利用共培养系统,研究了龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)和海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)的生长抑制效应。结果显示,龙须菜对两赤潮藻的生长均产生抑制作用,且随着起始密度的增加,抑制作用增强。高密度龙须菜组使赤潮异弯藻在实验进行6 d后接近全部死亡,海洋原甲藻的细胞数量在实验进行6 d后呈下降趋势。然而,两赤潮藻与龙须菜之间的营养竞争对龙须菜的生长也产生了一定影响,其中海洋原甲藻的竞争作用较强,而赤潮异弯藻的竞争作用较弱。此外,龙须菜水溶性抽提液经高温煮沸后对赤潮异弯藻无抑制作用,甚至能促进其生长,而未经煮沸的抽提液对其有一定的抑制作用,但抑制作用相对鲜组织较弱。     

对羟基苯甲酸对2种赤潮微藻生长的影响

通过测定藻细胞密度和细胞体积,观察藻细胞形态,分析藻细胞内硝酸还原酶(NR)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标的变化,研究了对羟基苯甲酸对2种赤潮微藻-米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响。结果表明,浓度1.6mmol/L时,对羟基苯甲酸能明显地抑制这两种微藻的生长。同时发现,添加对羟基苯甲酸的藻细胞运动能力降低,藻细胞体积减小,并出现空洞、破碎以及部分抱团现象。进一步研究发现,对羟基苯甲酸明显降低了塔玛亚历山大藻NR和SOD活性,但对POD活性无明显影响;其低浓度时能增大米氏凯伦藻NR、POD和SOD活性,高浓度时则明显降低此三种酶的活性;它显著提高了两种微藻细胞内的MDA含量。