Linking climate policy across economic sectors: A case for green growth in Nepal

While the energy sector is the largest global contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector account for up to 80% of GHG emissions in the least developed countries (LDCs). Despite this, the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) of LDCs, including Nepal, focus primarily on climate mitigation in the energy sector. This paper introduces green growth—a way to foster economic growth while ensuring access to resources and environmental services—as an approach to improving climate policy coherence across sectors. Using Nepal as a case country, this study models the anticipated changes in resource use and GHG emissions between 2015 and 2030, that would result from implementing climate mitigation actions in Nepal's NDC. The model uses four different scenarios. They link NDC and policies across economic sectors and offer policy insights regarding (1) energy losses that could cost up to 10% of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030, (2) protection of forest resources by reducing the use of biomass fuels from 465 million gigajoules (GJ) in 2015 to 195 million GJ in 2030, and (3) a significant reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 relative to the business-as-usual (BAU) case by greater use of electricity from hydropower rather than biomass. These policy insights are significant for Nepal and other LDCs as they seek an energy transition towards using more renewable energy and electricity.     

苯胺对海洋藻类生长的影响研究

采用评价化学药品对藻类毒性的标准方法,对苯胺与海洋藻类的相互影响进行探讨。实验结果表明,苯胺对藻类有较大的致毒作用,水体中悬浮物的存在对苯胺有一定的消除作用.并从化学动力学角度讨论了藻类对苯胺的一级降解反应动力学速率常数。     

基于观测的大气气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子模型研究 ——以2006 CAREBeijing加强观测为例

在2006年北京加强观测期间,以颗粒物－液体转换采集系统(PILS)测量的气溶胶各可溶性离子组分的质量浓度、颗粒物分级采样器(MOUDI)测量的各可溶性离子组分及有机碳(OC)、碳黑(EC)的分级质量谱分布为基础,对离子组分的可能存在形态进行判断,计算了化学组分质量浓度及各化学物种的粒径数谱浓度;利用Mie模型及各化学物种的密度、折射率、吸湿粒径增长因子等参数计算得到外混、内混的粒子群在干燥状态、不同相对湿度下的散射系数,最终计算得到不同化学组分外混、内混状态下的散射吸湿增长因子;将模型模拟的气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子与观测得到的该因子进行对比,发现模拟值与观测值能够在一定误差范围内吻合,实现了该因子的闭合实验.     

皆伐对青藏高原东部银露梅种群生长与繁殖的影响

调查了青藏高原东部川西云杉原始林下优势灌木银露梅及其在皆伐7 a后迹地上的种群结构、生长与繁殖状况,并进行了对比研究.发现(1)皆伐迹地生境中的银露梅灌丛年龄结构、萌生株年龄结构、萌生株数大小结构和冠幅结构与原始林下相比均存在着较大的差异;(2)在皆伐生境中,与林下同龄的银露梅丛冠幅、基径总和以及株高总和均显著增加,皆伐显著促进了银露梅的无性萌生能力和结实数量的增加.综合分析表明,银露梅能有效适应迹地退化形成的阳性生境,因此可作为高海拔地区皆伐迹地植被恢复中先锋灌木种.图2表1参21     

流量对三峡库区嘉陵江重庆主城段藻类生长的影响

对于三峡库区,大部分一级支流都具备产生富营养化的营养水平,在水温和光照等气候条件适宜藻类生长的3—5月,水文条件成为影响藻类生长繁殖和诱发富营养化的关键因素.3—5月恰是水库坝前泄水的消落时段,水文条件与一般的湖泊、河流和水库等显著不同. 针对三峡水库特殊的水文情势, 通过现场水质采样,应用质量守恒原理,研究了3—5月上游来水流量对嘉陵江重庆主城段藻类生长的影响. 结果表明:流量对河段的藻类密度和质量净增量有显著影响,3月因较低的来水流量和较小的大坝泄水量使藻类密度和质量净增量最大,5月当流量接近或超过历史同期水平时,河段的藻类质量净增量为负,而当流量偏枯较大时,藻类质量净增量为正.      

铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的氮营养动力学特征

利用批量培养试验比较研究了氮限制条件下铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aerugiuosa)和斜生栅藻(Scendesmus obliquus)对氮的生长反应,并应用Monod方程计算了2种藻的营养动力学参数(μ_max和K_s). 结果表明,ρ(氮)为0～2.00 mg/L时铜绿微囊藻比增长率快速增长;ρ(氮)为0～4.00 mg/L时斜生栅藻比增长率快速增长. 铜绿微囊藻的最大比增长率(μ_max)为0.23 d-1,半饱和常数(K_s)为0.14 mg/L;斜生栅藻的μ_max为0.41 d-1,K_s为0.24 mg/L. 根据生长动力学参数可以预测,当氮缺乏时,铜绿微囊藻容易形成优势,当氮丰富时,斜生栅藻容易形成优势.      

山东省环境库兹涅茨曲线的检验与分析

环境库兹涅茨曲线假设反映的是经济增长与环境质量之间呈现倒U型的曲线关系.在对二次函数、三次函数以及对数函数等3种模型比较分析的基础上,考察了山东省的环境库兹涅茨曲线假设.结果表明:二氧化硫排放量和烟尘排放量比较符合倒U型环境库兹涅茨曲线,转折点分别为人均GDP 5 029和1 881元,发生的年代分别为1994—1995年和1990—1991年;工业废水排放量和工业固体废物产生量仍处于上升阶段,曲线的转折点还未达到.政策分析表明,建立官员环境保护考核机制,不仅与环境保护投资的增加存在时间上的一致性,而且在污染物排放防治上起到了明显的作用.      

Integrating selected ecological effects of mixed European beech–Norway spruce stands in bioeconomic modelling

The simplicity of many bioeconomic models has been criticised several times, due to their lack of realism resulting from a deterministic nature and a single-species focus. In this context it was interesting to test the financial sensitivity of bioeconomic modelling against fairly well documented ecological effects in mixed forests. For this purpose our study linked existing results of ecological research with bioeconomic modelling. The presented methodological approach could not only show the importance of considering ecological effects in bioeconomic models; it in fact enabled prioritising ecological research from a financial point of view.In a first step, the possible influence of the tree species mixture on forest stand resistance, productivity and timber quality was derived from existing studies. In a second step, the available Monte Carlo simulations for Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), simulated under site conditions and risks typical of southern Germany, were extended by the mentioned ecological effects and then evaluated from a financial perspective.The results showed a clear influence of all tested ecological effects on the financial indicators, financial risk and return. While testing each ecological effect separately, an increased resistance against wind, snow and insect attacks had the greatest influence on financial risk and return. It over-proportionally enhanced the financial return while simultaneously the financial risk was reduced. In contrast, a degraded timber quality could eliminate the positive effect of risk compensation in mixed forests almost completely. The least influence on the financial indicators finally showed a changed volume growth in mixed forests.A combination of the separately tested ecological effects (increased resistance, changed volume growth and decreased timber quality), between both tree species, underlined the dominating importance of the stand resistance. The integration of ecological effects, induced by interdependent tree species, in our bioeconomic model resulted in significantly lower financial risk than ignoring these effects. Moreover, the financial return of mixed stand variants with a proportion of Norway spruce greater than 60% even exceeded that of the most profitable pure stand.In conclusion this paper clearly confirmed that ignoring ecological effects in bioeconomic models could lead to seriously biased financial results. While a changed volume growth proved rather to be of minor importance for European beech/Norway spruce stands, tree resistance and timber quality may change the financial results significantly.     

酸雨胁迫下黑壳楠Lindera megaphylla Hemsl.幼苗在夏季和秋季的生理生态特性

浙江为酸雨危害严重地区之一,而植物在酸雨胁迫下的生长和生理变化情况可以衡量其对酸雨的耐受能力,亦可作为植被引种、经营和管理的参考依据.采用盆栽法,研究了在不同季节不同强度酸雨胁迫下黑壳楠Lindera megaphylla Hemsl.的生理生态特性,设置了3个酸雨处理:重度酸雨处理(pH2.5)、中度酸雨处理(pH4.0)和酸雨对照处理(pH5.6).研究结果表明:①酸雨、季节以及酸雨和季节的交互效应对黑壳楠的株高、地径和叶绿素相对含量没有显著影响.②黑壳楠的最大净光合速率(Amax)、表观量子效率(AQE)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)对酸雨胁迫敏感,而季节并未显著影响到植物的光合特性.③酸雨胁迫显著影响黑壳楠的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE).季节对黑壳楠的蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)影响显著.酸雨和季节的交互效应极显著影响到植物的胞间CO2(Ci)浓度和蒸腾速率(Tr).研究表明夏季黑石楠受酸雨胁迫的影响比秋季严重.重度酸雨胁迫严重影响到黑壳楠的生理生长,在酸雨危害严重地区如浙江不适宜大量种植黑壳楠.     

广州城市绿地土壤特征及其对树木生长的影响

研究广州城市绿地土壤的特征,并探讨其对树木生长的影响。结果表明:广州城市绿地土壤受到不同程度的人为干扰。其中公园和大学校园树林土壤的理化性质虽有一定改变,但仍接近自然土壤的状况;行道树的土壤则过于紧实,且pH值太高,而有机质及氮、磷含量较低。这些土壤问题会对行道树的生长造成不利的影响。文中对这些存在的问题提出了一些相应的改善措施。