淀山湖沉积物中硒的存在形态及分布特征

对淀山湖沉积物中硒的存在形态，水平分布及垂直分布进行了探讨，研究了在自然条件下沉积物中硒的分布特征。结果表明淀山湖沉积物中硒的有机物－硫化物结合态及元素态是订的存在形态，占３３％￣５７％，且各形态硒的分布与环境因素密切相关。     

Selenium assimilation and loss by an insect predator and its relationship to Se subcellular partitioning in two prey types

Subcellular selenium (Se) distributions in the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex and in the insect Chironomus riparius did not vary with Se exposure duration, which was consistent with the observations that the duration of prey Se exposure had little influence on either Se assimilation or loss by a predatory insect (the alderfly Sialis velata). However, these two prey types differed in how Se was distributed in their cells. Overall, the predator assimilated a mean of 66% of the Se present in its prey, which was similar to the mean percentage of Se in prey cells (62%) that was theoretically available for uptake (that is, Se in the protein and organelle fractions). Likewise, data for cadmium, nickel and thallium suggest that predictions of trace element transfer between prey and predator are facilitated by considering the subcellular partitioning of these contaminants in prey cells.     

Nano-selenium controlled cadmium accumulation and improved photosynthesis in indica rice cultivated in lead and cadmium combined paddy soils

Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are less toxic and more biocompatible than selenite or selenate. However, studies involving spraying with Se NPs for reducing accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in rice grains have been rarely reported as yet. Herein, indica rice seedlings cultivated in Cd+Pb-spiked paddy soils (denoted as positive control) were sprayed with Se NPs sols for four times from tillering to booting stage. Compared to positive control, 50–100 μmol/L Se NPs downregulated Cd transporters-related genes such as OsLCT1, OsHMA2 and OsCCX2 in leaves and OsLCT1, OsPCR1 and OsCCX2 genes in node I at filling stage. Meanwhile, Se-binding protein 1 was distinctly elevated, involving the repression of Cd and Pb transportation to rice grains. Se NPs also differentially improved RuBP carboxylase and chlorophylls especially some key genes and proteins involving photosynthetic system. Besides, 25–50 μmol/L Se NPs diminished reactive oxygen species overproduction from NADPH oxidases whereas boosted glutathione peroxidase, reducing protein carbonylation in rice seedlings. However, the antioxidant isozymes and oxidatively modified proteins were slightly rebounded at 100 μmol/L. Se contents were noticeably elevated and confirmed to exist as selenomethionine in the rice grains following all the treatments by Se NPs. Thus, the optimal dosage of Se NPs for foliar application is 50 μmol/L, which significantly decreased Cd accumulation, improved photosynthesis and Se enrichment whereas caused no distinct reduction of Pb in the grains. Thus, an appropriate dosage of Se NPs can be conducted to decrease Cd accumulation, improve photosynthesis, and organic Se contents in rice grains.     

Biological removal of selenate in saline wastewater by activated sludge under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions

Removal of selenate in saline wastewater by activated sludge was examined. Sequencing batch reactor was operated under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions. Above 97% removal of soluble selenium (Se) was achieved continuously. Major Se removal mechanism varied depending on the length of aeration period. Various Se-reducing bacteria likely contributed to coordinately to Se removal. Selenium (Se)-containing industrial wastewater is often coupled with notable salinity. However, limited studies have examined biological treatment of Se-containing wastewater under high salinity conditions. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with activated sludge was applied to treat selenate in synthetic saline wastewater (3% w/v NaCl) supplemented with lactate as the carbon source. Start-up of the SBR was performed with addition of 1–5 mM of selenate under oxygen-limiting conditions, which succeeded in removing more than 99% of the soluble Se. Then, the treatment of 1 mM Se with cycle duration of 3 days was carried out under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions by adding aeration period after oxygen-limiting period. Although the SBR maintained soluble Se removal of above 97%, considerable amount of solid Se remained in the effluent as suspended solids and total Se removal fluctuated between about 40 and 80%. Surprisingly, the mass balance calculation found a considerable decrease of Se accumulated in the SBR when the aeration period was prolonged to 7 h, indicating very efficient Se biovolatilization. Furthermore, microbial community analysis suggested that various Se-reducing bacteria coordinately contributed to the removal of Se in the SBR and main contributors varied depending on the operational conditions. This study will offer implications for practical biological treatment of selenium in saline wastewater.     

青阳县富硒土壤中硒的形态与水稻富硒的相关性研究

通过对青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量及种植水稻中硒的含量测定,研究青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的赋存分布特征,探讨水稻中硒含量及分布特点,同时对土壤中各形态的硒与水稻中硒的相关性进行研究。研究结果显示:青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量差异较大,其中强有机结合态、腐殖酸态和残渣态的硒,含量较高,占到总量的10%以上;而水溶态、离子态、铁锰态、碳酸盐态的硒含量较低,占总量比例皆低于5%;研究区水稻籽粒中硒的含量均值为0. 063 8 mg/kg高于全国平均水平0. 032 mg/kg,达到了国家富硒水稻的标准;水稻对土壤中硒的富集利用与土壤中硒的形态关系密切,当地土壤中水溶态和腐殖酸态的硒与水稻中硒的含量呈显著相关,而其它形态的硒相关性不明显,说明水稻吸收利用的主要是土壤中水溶态与腐殖酸态的硒。据此可以通过施加有机生物质的生产措施,增大土壤腐殖酸态硒的含量,提高土壤中有效硒的供给含量,以有利于水稻对土壤中硒的吸收富集,提高水稻中硒的含量。     

改进高氯酸消化HG/AAS测定煤和环境及生物样品中砷和硒

由于硫酸往往含有微量硒杂质,本文改用硫酸钠作扶助剂提高高氯酸（硝酸）常压湿消化的允许消化温度,实现煤和环境及生物样品中有机砷和有机硒的全消化。建立了一个容易操作、重现性好的消化程序。用液氮低温捕集技术提高分析灵敏度。硝酸分解残留物对砷化氢和硒化氢生成过程的干扰,以及盐酸中微量氧化物对Ｓｅ（Ⅵ）还原处理的影响均用盐酸羟氨消除。ＥＤＴＡ可用于消除过渡金属离子对硒化氢生物过程的干扰。测定了多种标准参考物中微量砷和硒,得到与检定值相符合的结果。     

Selenium uptake and simultaneous catalysis of sulfite oxidation in ammonia-based desulfurization

Accelerating the (NH₄)₂SO₃ oxidation gives rise to the reclaiming of byproduct, while there are secondary environmental risks from reduction of the coexisted selenium species by sulfite. In this study, a bi-functional Co-SBA-15-SH, were synthesized through Co impregnation and sulfhydryl (-SH) decoration, which can simultaneously uptake Se and accelerate sulfite oxidation efficiently. Meanwhile, the adsorption kinetics and migration mechanism of Se species were revealed through characterization and density functional calculations, with maximum adsorption capacity of 223 mg/g. The inhibition of Se⁰ re-emission and poisonous effect of Se on sulfite oxidation was also investigated. Using the findings of this study, the ammonia desulfurization can be improved by enabling purification of the byproduct and lowering the toxicity of effluent by removing toxic pollutants.     

Acceleration of selenium volatilization in seleniferous agricultural drainage sediments amended with methionine and casein

Phytoremediation is potentially effective for managing excessive selenium (Se) in drainage sediment residing in the San Luis Drain in central California. This 2-year field study examined the feasibility of amending drainage sediment (containing 4.78microgSeg(-1)) with methionine and casein to enhance volatilization without or with vegetation of Sporobolus airoides. Results show that without organic amendments, rates of Se volatilization were less than 25microgm(-2)d(-1) in all plots. After amending the sediment with 71.4mgmethioninekg(-1) soil, Se volatilization rates were 434+/-107microgm(-2)d(-1) in vegetated plots and 289+/-117microgm(-2)d(-1) in irrigated bare plots. With the amendment of 572mgcaseinkg(-1) soil, rates increased to 346+/-103microgm(-2)d(-1) in irrigated bare plots and to 114+/-55microgm(-2)d(-1) in vegetated plots. Both methionine and casein promoted biological remediation of Se via volatilization most effectively during the warmest months.     

Estimation Of Selenium Concentration In Shallow Groundwater In Alluvial Fan Area In Tsukui, Central Japan

Total selenium (Se) and water-soluble Se in soil, and Se in a shallow groundwater were hydrogeochemically researched in an alluvial fan area in Tsukui, Central Japan. The water-soluble Se was estimated at average level of 2.6 ± 1.2μg Se kg⁻¹ dry soil (± SD, n = 25), showing less than 1% of the total Se (349–508μg Se kg⁻¹ dry soil) in soil. The monthly Se concentration in groundwater was average 2.2μg,L⁻¹, ranging 1.6–2.4μg,L⁻¹ during 2001–2003. The Se in groundwater significantly decreased with increasing groundwater level after rainfall. This result indicated that Se-bearing water percolated with relatively low Se concentration through the soil layer. According to our prediction model of linear regression curve on the observation data, Se concentration in the groundwater was estimated to be increasing with the very low rate of 4.35 × 10⁻³μg Se L⁻¹,yr⁻¹. The hydrogeochemical research and the result of the prediction model showed that any explosive increase of Se will hardly occur in this groundwater without an anthropogenic Se contamination.     

Selenium concentrations in water and plant tissues of a newly formed arid wetland in Las Vegas, Nevada

There is concern that elevated levels of selenium found in the source water of a newly formed wetland park in Las Vegas, Nevada, may have detrimental effects on local wildlife. In this study, we collected and analyzed water samples monthly for a three year period from the inflow and outflow of the system. We also gathered dominant aquatic plants and selected terrestrial plants and analyzed the water and plant tissues (root, shoot, leaf and flower) for selenium by high resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Except for storm events and the introduction of an alternative low selenium content source water during summer low-flow conditions, selenium in the water was relatively stable. The concentration in the outflow tended to be slightly lower than the inflow. Concentrations of selenium in the dominant plant taxa in this wetlands were typical of ecosystems in the western United States and varied by taxa, tissue type, localized conditions (e.g., contact with selenium-laden water), and to a lesser extent, seasons. Selenium in the aquatic plant spiny naiad (Najas marina) was relatively high and may pose an ecological risk to wildlife during the late spring and summer. Additional work is underway investigating aquatic food chain accumulations of selenium as well as mass balance of selenium in the system.