污水处理过程水温变化模型构建与验证

污水处理是一个复杂的生物、物理及化学反应过程.污水水温直接影响到污染物生物处理效果,并对污水处理运行能耗产生重要影响.另一方面,污水中也蕴含着相当热能,是潜在可以回收的低品位能源,加以利用则有望实现污水处理碳中和运行.然而,现有研究很少涉及污水处理厂污水进、出水水温变化及其影响因素;工程中也只强调冬季保温,并无法从微观角度认识处理过程水温变化规律.为此,研究尝试构建污水处理过程水温变化热量衡算模型,涵盖污水生化反应、机械传热、环境热传递和水蒸发热损失等4个主要涉热过程.与此同时,收集北京某污水处理厂实际水温、气温数据,借助热量平衡图来模拟污水处理过程中水温变化,并对理论模型参数进行校验和修正.通过参数敏感性分析,可以评价不同参数对水温热量的影响程度.基于这些工作,一个污水温度变化模型被构建成功,可用于指导实际污水处理厂水温控制或余温热能回收过程,可助力污水处理厂节能降耗、甚至实现碳中和目标.     

积融雪控制下土壤大气间汞交换通量特征

位于松花江上游流域的夹皮沟金矿曾是我国采金量最大的矿区,广泛使用的混汞法提金工艺导致了严重的区域环境介质汞污染.为研究稳定性季节积雪及融雪控制过程土壤(雪)大气间汞交换通量特征,选择区域内典型"山-谷"地形结构单元,沿坡面等距进行布点,使用动态通量箱法测定了各采样点土壤(雪)大气间汞交换通量,使用塞曼效应汞分析仪(LUMEX Zeeman RA915+)测定了各采样点近地面(0～150 cm)垂直方向上大气汞浓度分布,分析了同步气象因子、积融雪控制下地表性质和近地面大气汞的垂直分布各因素对土壤(雪)大气间汞交换通量特征的影响.结果表明,冬季积雪和融雪期间,大气中汞均有沿山坡向谷底汇集的趋势,在积雪冷源性下垫面所致逆温层结控制下,汞交换通量表现为明显的由大气向土壤(雪)的沉降过程.融雪期间雪融后地表土壤大气间汞交换通量表现为释放与沉降过程交替,仍然积雪地表大气间汞交换通量沉降水平明显弱于积雪期.分析土壤(雪)大气间汞交换通量与其影响因素间关系发现,积雪期土壤(雪)大气间汞交换通量与大气汞浓度和大气温度间均具有显著的负线性相关关系;融雪期土壤(雪)大气间汞交换通量与大气汞浓度间具有明显的负线性相关关系,与大气温度间具有正线性相关关系;雪融后裸露土壤大气间汞交换通量与地温间呈现一定的正线性相关关系.     

光温条件和pH对浮萍生长及磷吸收的影响

试验以长江三角洲地区常见的稀脉浮萍和少根紫萍为研究对象.在Hoagland's E-Medium营养液进行实验室模拟培养的基础上,研究了光温条件以及pH对两种浮萍生长和磷去除能力的影响.结果表明,在1500-6000 1x光照强度范围内,光照越强,两种浮萍的生长和磷去除能力越强;在10-35℃温度范围内,两种浮萍生长和...     

常州老运河氨氮污染调查分析

根据2009年常州市老运河及支流（污染企业）的水体污染物调查资料,分析了老运河的水质状况,并计算了各河段的氨氮通量。由氨氮通量确定各支流（污染企业）的氨氮贡献。结果表明,关河西段对老运河全程氨氮浓度上升的贡献率最高,占38.9%,其次是凤凰河,江苏新亚化工有限公司对老运河全程氨氮浓度上升的贡献率占9.2%,其余污染企业对老运河的氨氮贡献率均甚小。最后在分析主要支流污染来源的基础上,提出了防治水污染的相应对策和建议。     

Effects of planned expansion of waste incineration in the Swedish district heating systems

Recent targets for reduced amounts of waste to landfills in Sweden will result in a large increase in waste incineration with recovery of energy, used primarily for district heating. The aim of this study is to investigate what changes in the usage of other fuels and technologies for district heat production would be caused by this increase. A questionnaire was sent out to the largest district heating companies, and simulations in an energy systems model were carried out. The analysis shows that increased waste incineration reduces the demand for other fuels, especially biomass, for district heat production. The effects include reductions in operating hours as well as the avoidance or postponement of investments in new plants for district heat production. Increased waste incineration will also lead to a greater use of district heating in Sweden.     

不同点火模式下软质聚氨酯泡沫燃烧的实验研究

为研究软质聚氨酯泡沫(FPUF)的燃烧行为对火灾的影响,采用锥形量热仪(CONE)分析FPUF在强制点火和非强制点火模式下的燃烧行为、热释放速率HRR、质量损失速率MLR和燃烧效率η。研究结果表明：当外部辐射≥40 kW/m²时,FPUF在2种点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR均出现2个明显的峰值且η约为88%;当外部辐射<40 kW/m²时,FPUF在非强制点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR曲线趋于单峰形式;FPUF在强制点火模式下燃烧前期为异氰酸酯(TDI)和多元醇的混合燃烧,在非强制点火模式下为TDI的挥发。根据研究结果修正现有燃料组分的热值计算方法,获得FPUF和多元醇的热值分别为(20±2),(28±3) kJ/g。     

纳滤膜深度处理棉针织品印染废水

采用芳香聚酰胺膜(NF-1#)、复合膜(NF-2#)和聚酰胺复合膜(NF-3#)深度处理棉针织品印染废水,考察了膜分离性能及膜污染情况的影响因素。实验结果表明,在操作压力为0.5MPa、废水温度为25~35℃、废水pH为7的条件下,NF-1#膜处理效果最佳,COD去除率最高,为76.0%~85.0%;脱盐率也最高,达90.0%。膜过滤后浓水送污水厂处理,产水回用于车间生产。操作压力增高、废水温度升高和废水pH增大均导致滤饼层阻力(Rc)和膜过滤过程中的总阻力(Rt)增加,Rc是Rt的主要组成部分,同时也是导致膜透过通量下降的主要因素。     

Importance of Sediment–Water Interactions in Coeur d’Alene Lake,Idaho, USA: Management Implications

A field study at Coeur dAlene Lake, Idaho, USA, was conducted between October 1998 and August 2001 to examine the potential importance of sediment–water interactions on contaminant transport and to provide the first direct measurements of the benthic flux of dissolved solutes of environmental concern in this lake. Because of potential ecological effects, dissolved zinc and orthophosphate were the solutes of primary interest. Results from deployments of an in situ flux chamber indicated that benthic fluxes of dissolved Zn and orthophosphate were comparable in magnitude to riverine inputs. Tracer analyses and benthic-community metrics provided evidence that solute benthic flux were diffusion-controlled at the flux-chamber deployment sites. That is, effects of biomixing (or bioturbation) and ground-water interactions did not strongly influence benthic flux. Remediation efforts in the river might not produce desired water-quality effects in the lake because imposed shifts in concentration gradients near the sediment–water interface would generate a benthic feedback response. Therefore, development of water-quality models to justify remediation strategies requires consideration of contaminant flux between the water column and underlying sediment in basins that have been affected by long-term (decadal) anthropogenic activities.     

燃煤电站SCR烟气脱硝还原剂尿素热解热源的选择

介绍了燃煤电站SCR尿素热解工艺,结合当前燃料价格,通过工程案例计算,对比了各种尿素热解热源的运行费用。计算结果表明,高温蒸汽加热方案的运行费用最省,但在实际应用中受到相关条件的限制;在一定条件下,燃气加热与电加热方案是工程的优选技术方案。     

关于改善石家庄市空气质量的建议

针对电力和供热导致石家庄市空气污染严重的问题，结合该市目前的电力和供热现状，提出了减少污染的措施及建议，希望对改善该市空气质量起到促进作用。