供热管道波纹管补偿器裂纹泄漏的分析及对策

通过对热电厂直埋供热管道波纹管补偿器裂纹泄漏事故的调查分析,找出了问题所在,并提出了解决应力腐蚀问题可行的对策.     

城市化与北京增温的协整分析

城市增温现象和城市热岛效应对人居环境的影响日益显著，而城市化是否是城市增温现象的一个主要影响因素，为此。利用协整分析等经济计量方法研究城市化对城市增温现象的影响。协整分析是近年来计量经济学发展的最新成果，能够揭示变量之间存在着的长期均衡变动关系。分析发现，城市化因子与城市气候因子之间存在着协整关系。长期看北京市的年平均最低温度与人口密度基本上处于同步增长状态；短期内城市气温的变动受人口和城市化因素的影响较大。为此可知，北京市70年代以来，城市气温的升高基本上与城市化的发展相一致。二者具有长期协同变动的均衡关系。这些发现对我们制定减缓城市热岛效应的城市规划以及合理人口规模的城市发展战略都有很大的帮助。     

酸沉降下韶山森林氮的输入、输出通量变化特征

以韶山蔡家塘森林小流域2001年实地监测的大气降水、穿透水和地表水数据为基础,对酸沉降作用下韶山森林N的输入、输出的月均通量及变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:2001年N输入通量为53.81 kg/hm2,主要以NH₄+ 形式(占总输入的64%)输入该森林生态系统;2001年N输出通量为3.57 kg/hm2,主要以NO₃-形式(占总输出的64%)输出该森林生态系统.韶山森林2001年N净滞留量达到50.24 kg/hm2.月均输出通量极大值出现在降雨量较多的5-7月,其N输出通量占全年N总输出通量的59%.从N的总输入通量、总输出通量的变化来看,N输出并不随输入的增加而增加,N的输出主要受到降水量的影响.      

整装反应器无反应条件下的传热

研究整装反应器在反应点火之前的传热行为以及反应器参数对基体热响应的影响。建立了起燃阶段反应器的传热模型,通过数值计算,分析和讨论了固相轴向热传导性能及各种设计参数对基体热响应的影响。比较了基体采用金属体或陶瓷体时热响应的不同。结果表明,当无量纲导热系数∧＜1时,固相轴向导热性能对基体热响应无明显影响,金属体具有好的热响应性能,参数分析有助于反应器的设计和建模。     

A process-based model designed for filling of large data gaps in tower-based measurements of net ecosystem productivity

In this paper we present a simple hybrid gap-filling model (GFM) designed with a minimum number of parameters necessary to capture the ecological processes important for filling medium-to-large gaps in Flux data. As the model is process-based, the model has potential to be used in filling large gaps exhibiting a broad range of micro-meteorological and site conditions. The GFM performance was evaluated using “Punch hole” and extrapolation experiments based on data collected in west-central New Brunswick. These experiments indicated that the GFM is able to provide acceptable results (r² > 0.80) when >500 data points are used in model parameterization. The GFM was shown to address daytime evolution of NEP reasonably well for a wide range of weather and site conditions. An analysis of residuals indicated that for the most part no obvious trends were evident; although a slight bias was detected in NEP with soil temperature. To explore the portability of the GFM across ecosystem types, a transcontinental validation was conducted using NEP and ancillary data from seven ecosystems along a north-south transect (i.e., temperature–moisture gradient) from northern Europe (Finland) to the Middle East (Israel). The GFM was shown to explain over 75% of the variability in NEP measured at most ecosystems, which strongly suggests that the GFM maybe successfully applied to forest ecosystems outside Canada.     

北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的沉降

对2005年3月─2006年1月北京市东南郊气相、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)以及降尘样品中16种优控PAHs分析发现,降尘样品中2～3环PAHs组分占优势地位,其构成比例与TSP和气相样品差异较大;比较不同采样点、各季节的PAHs沉降速率,对样品中PAHs组分构成比例的特点给予解释,推断PAHs的沉降行为受气象条件、沉降点周围污染源强度以及下垫面性质等因素的影响;对PAHs月均沉降通量与ρ(PAHs)进行相关分析,建立PAHs月均沉降通量与TSP中PAHs总浓度之间的回归方程.      

用中空纤维膜生物反应器处理高浓度有机废水

采用厌氧—好氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度有机废水,系统对COD和氨氮的去除率分别达到95%和92%,出水水质优良。长期的运行结果表明,膜组件能长时间维持大于10L/(m2.h)的运行通量,膜通量与过滤阻力在不同的运行阶段的变化规律可分别用层流模型与浓差极化模型来进行模拟。     

发展阻燃型HIPS纳米复合材料的研究

本文运用一步熔融共混法制备了含有十溴联苯醚（DBDPO）或十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）和C16改性蒙脱土（MMT）的高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）复合材料,并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、UL 94垂直燃烧和锥型量热等试验手段对其燃烧性能和相态进行了表征.结果标明,DBDPO/E存在时仍可获得具有插层结构的HIPS纳米复合材料.由于十溴和蒙脱土两种体系间的良好协同效应,这些材料的阻燃性提高、燃烧后的热释放速率下降.文中对其潜在机理进行了探讨.这种协同效应可用于指导发展环保性和阻燃性兼顾的HIPS纳米复合材料.     

膜生物反应器次临界通量运行的膜污染特性研究

膜生物反应器（MBR）是将膜分离与生物反应相结合的污水处理新工艺,近年来已引起广泛的关注,但不可避免的膜污染限制其更广泛的应用。临界通量在膜污染控制中是个非常重要的概念。本试验研究平板膜生物反应器在次临界通量运行下的膜污染状况,并结合膜污染模型进一步表征膜表面的污染特性。试验结果表明。该平板膜生物反应器在次临界通量运行的情况下,膜污染可分为膜污染缓慢发展阶段（第Ⅰ阶段）和膜污染迅速发展阶段（第Ⅱ阶段）,可分别用膜孔堵塞模型和泥饼阻力模型表征膜阻力与时间的变化关系。同时,对运行后的膜阻力分布进行分析,表明泥饼阻力和孔道吸附堵塞阻力是膜污染的主要组成部分,分别占到总阻力的73％和24％,而膜本身阻力仅占3％。     

Effect of scale on freely propagating flames in aluminum dust clouds

The majority of experimental tests done on combustible dusts are performed in constant volume vessels that have limited or no optical access. Over the years, McGill University has been developing alternative experimental techniques based on direct observation of dust flames, yielding reliable fundamental parameters such as flame burning velocity, temperature and structure. The present work describes two new experimental set-ups allowing direct observation of isobaric and freely propagating dust flames at two sufficiently different scales to test the influence of scale on dust flame phenomena. In the laboratory-scale experiments, a few grams of aluminum powder are dispersed in transparent, 30 cm diameter latex balloons that allow for full visualization of the spherical flame propagation. In the field experiments, about 1 kg of aluminum powder is dispersed by a short pulse of air, forming a conical dust cloud with a total volume of about 5 m³. High-speed digital imaging is used to record the particle dispersal and flame propagation in both configurations. In the small-scale laboratory tests, the measured flame speed is found to be about 2.0 ± 0.2 m/s in fuel-rich aluminium clouds. The burning velocity, calculated by dividing the measured flame speed by the expansion factor deduced from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, correlates well with the previously measured burning velocity of about 22–24 cm/s from Bunsen dust flames. Flame speeds observed in field experiments with large-scale clouds, however, are found to be much higher, in the range of 12 ± 2 m/s. Estimations are presented that show that the presumably greater role of radiative heat transfer in larger-scale aluminium flames is insufficient to explain the six-fold increase in flame speed. The role of residual large-eddy turbulence, as well as the frozen-turbulence effect leading to large-scale dust concentration fluctuations that cause flame folding, are discussed as two possible sources for the greater flame speed.