污水处理过程中膜故障分析与防治对策

膜分离作为一门新型的高效分离、浓缩、提纯和净化技术,是支撑循环经济和可持续发展的重要技术.详细分析了污水处理过程中膜故障产生机理,并给出了相应的防治对策.     

膜表面形貌对厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染影响的试验研究

在厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的试验中,借助原子力显微镜分析了四种表面形貌不同的聚醚砜超滤膜的通量衰减规律.结果表明,超滤膜表面形貌愈粗糙,膜通量的衰减速率愈快,且化学清洗后恢复愈困难.     

太湖水土界面氮磷交换通量的时空差异

利用原柱样静态释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型对太湖典型草型湖区(东太湖)及藻型湖区(梅梁湾)的氮磷释放通量进行了逐月研究.原柱样氮磷静态界面交换通量(F_i)在同一湖泊不同生态类型湖区有差异性,东太湖氨态氮和可溶性磷酸盐的年平均交换通量分别为(44.9±21.9)mg·(m²·d)^-1(平均值±标准偏差)和(2.06±1.71)mg·(m²·d)^-1,梅梁湾为(16.2±12.0)mg·(m^-1·d)^-1和(0.53±0.52)mg·(m²·d)^-1.2湖区的分子扩散通量(F_m)同样表现为这样的差异,但是其绝对值与静态释放通量相比有数量级的差异,该模型不能用于太湖这样风浪显著且底栖生物活性较高的湖泊水土界面氮磷营养盐交换通量的估算.仅从不同生态类型的湖区比较结果看,草型湖区比藻型湖区有更高的氮磷交换通量.F_i/F_m比值作为1种反映底栖生物活性的指标反映出东太湖有更高的底栖活性.在水体溶解氧水平通常保持在较高的水平,即好氧状态下,氮磷界面交换通量与溶解氧水平(DO)无显著相关.同样,在现有浓度水平下,其水土界面交换通量与水体氮磷浓度无显著相关.东太湖较高的释放通量与相对较低的水体营养盐负荷的差异来自于大型水生植被的消浪促沉降及其本身的吸附吸收作用,这是恢复水生植被以重建健康水生生态系统的重要理论依据.     

内置转盘式膜-生物反应器处理污水的工艺条件研究

对内置转盘式膜-生物反应器(SRMBR)处理污水工艺进行了研究.进水COD 160～368 mg/L时,出水COD在运行1d后降低到20 mg/L以下,去除率大于90%;转盘式膜组件的转速在0～25 r/min范围内,平衡膜通量随转速增大而快速增加,继续增大转速则平衡膜通量的增加变得不显著;在一定范围(0～1min)内延长停抽时间有助于缓解膜污染;SRMBR在较低的气水比(15∶1)下运行,也可达到较高的平衡膜通量.研究表明,SRMBR在最佳组合操作条件(转速为25r/min,抽/停为9min/1min,气水比为15∶1,抽吸压力为25kPa)下运行,其平衡膜通量高达53.75L/(m²·h).     

太阳热反射涂料的研制

根据涂料反射太阳热的原理,以丙烯酸树脂为基料,以金红石型钛白粉、云母粉及空心玻璃微珠为原料,制备了隔热性能和耐候性能均良好的太阳热反射隔热涂料,并研究了颜料、填料种类、粒径、涂层厚度对涂料隔热性能的影响。     

Effect of pipes in heat pump system on electric vehicle energy saving

ABSTRACT

Refrigerant pressure drop and temperature change in pipes are normally ignored in the thermodynamic analysis of traditional vehicle air conditioning system, this will result in serious errors. In this Paper, pressure drop and temperature difference are simulated in different pipes of electric vehicle (EV) heat pump system to analysis the effects of pipes in the actual EV heat pump system. The results indicate that the greater the mass flow, the faster pressure drop increases, the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop of saturated liquid refrigerant is smaller than that of saturated gas refrigerant at the same saturation pressure and mass flow rate. The higher the refrigerant pressure (no phase change), the slower pressure drop decreases, the faster the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop decreases with the increment of bending angle of the pipe. For EV heat pump system, suitable valves and less branches are helpful for energy saving of the system. Shortening the pipe between compressor and condenser can reduce temperature change obviously. Pressure drop per unit length in the pipe between evaporator and compressor is large especially in heating mode because of lower refrigerant density. It even reaches to over 100 times of that in the pipe between condenser and throttle valve in heating mode and has negative effects on the performance of the system. If the evaporator is closer to the compressor and the number of branches is less, then pressure drop will decrease a lot, which will be advantageous for energy saving of the heat pump system.     

Characteristics of stable biodiesel emulsion fuel with the aid of lipophilic surfactant,polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel emulsion fuel is reported as one of the most feasible options capable of generating lower NOx emission than that from fossil fuels. However, oil and water in the emulsion fuel are easily separated and unstable. The aim of the present study is to consider the production and stability of biodiesel emulsion fuel by using tetraglycerin ester (CR-310), i.e., one of lipophilic surfactant, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and biodiesel, i.e., Waste cooking Oil Methyl Ester (WOME) produced based on waste cooking oil. The corresponding heat rate, water content, and viscosity are measured. Emphasis is placed on the effects of water content and surfactant on biodiesel emulsions. It is found that: (i) stable emulsion fuel is obtained by adding at least 2.0% of CR-310 and is maintained over 1 month, (ii) there is no effect of water content on stable emulsion fuel if CR-310 is used over 2.0%, and (iii) the viscosity of emulsion fuels is higher than that of the biodiesel fuel and is gradually increased with an increase in the water content.     

Geographic Variability in Radon Exhalation at a Rehabilitated Uranium Mine in the Northern Territory, Australia

In this study, dry season radon flux densities and radon fluxes have been determined at the rehabilitated Nabarlek uranium mine in northern Australia using conventional charcoal canisters. Environmental background levels amounted to 31± 15 milli Becquerel per m² per second (mBq m⁻² s⁻¹). Radon flux densities within the fenced rehabilitated mine area showed large variations with a maximum of 6500 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹ at an area south of the former pit characterised by a disequilibrium between ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁸U. Radon flux densities were also high above the areas of the former pit (mean 971 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹) and waste rock dump (mean 335 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹). The lower limit for the total pre-mining radon flux from the fenced area (140 ha) was estimated to 214 kBq s⁻¹, post-mining radon flux amounted to 174 kBq s⁻¹.Our study highlights that the results of radon flux studies are vitally dependant on the selection of individual survey points. We suggest the use of a randomised system for both the selection of survey points and the placement of charcoal canisters at each survey point, to avoid over estimation of radon flux densities. It is also important to emphasize the significance of having reliable pre-mining radiological data available to assess the success of rehabilitation of a uranium mine site.2006 Springer. The Australian Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Evaluation of Carbon Uptake and Emissions by Forests in Korea During the Last Thirty Years (1973–2002)

The contribution of Korean forests to carbon sequestration for anthropogenic carbon emissions was evaluated. In addition, monitoring of carbon species released from forest fires was conducted. Despite a high carbon uptake by Korean forests, a tremendous increase in fossil fuel burning resulted in a small contribution by forests to carbon removal. The removal efficiency had a 5–31% range with an average of 12% during the period 1973–2002. In 2000, the amount of carbon released from burned trees corresponded to 1.6% of carbon uptake by forests. The distribution of surface CO concentration (ppb) derived from MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere) showed high CO levels over the East/Japan Sea on April 10, 2000 when the largest forest fires occurred along the east coast of Korea. Trajectory analysis and ground CO measurements also indicated that CO levels over the East/Japan Sea were influenced by forest fires. This study suggests that continuous monitoring of carbon emissions from forest fires is needed for a more reliable estimate of carbon flux in the environment.     

混合动力汽车尾气余热回收系统的研究

针对尾气余热能量浪费问题,建立了某直列四缸汽油机尾气余热回收发电的系统模型。通过B.T米特罗欣的数学分析法和涡轮特征曲线快速匹配到适合的涡轮机,然后根据涡轮特征曲线对高速发电机进行了匹配。以满足国Ⅴ标准的NEDC工况为参考,对整个系统进行了仿真分析。结果表明,该系统能够实现尾气余热能量的回收,在市区和市郊平均分别可以回收能量1 k W和1.5 k W,市郊最高可达1.8 k W。