冬季中国东海海水中挥发性卤代烃的分布特征和海-气通量

挥发性卤代烃是大气中重要的痕量温室气体,对全球变暖和大气化学具有重要作用.运用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法于2009年12月23日～2010年1月5日对中国东海表层海水和PN断面不同深度海水中4种挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)进行了测定,并对其来源进行了分析.结果表明,表层海水中CHCl3、C2HCl3、C2Cl4和CHBr3浓度平均值及范围分别为23.04 pmol·L-1(6.04～107.81 pmol·L-1)、18.18 pmol·L-1(10.67～32.35 pmol·L-1)、3.72 pmol·L-1(0.39～9.77 pmol·L-1)和24.33 pmol·L-1(13.44～33.01 pmol·L-1).4种VHCs浓度水平分布总体呈现近岸高、外海低的趋势;PN断面4种VHCs的浓度最大值出现在上混合层(50 m以浅).4种VHCs浓度的分布总体上受到长江冲淡水和黑潮水及生物活动的共同影响.相关性分析结果表明,C2HCl3与C2Cl4浓度呈现显著正相关,推测二者存在相似的来源;CHBr3浓度与叶绿素a浓度呈现一定的正相关性,推测CHBr3分布受到浮游植物生物量的影响.海-气通量估算表明,冬季调查海域是大气中CHCl3、C2HCl3和CHBr3的源.     

Preliminary studies on methane flux from the ornithogenic soils on Xi-Sha atoll, South China Sea

IntroductionMethane ( CH4) is a radiatively active trace gas ,contributing approximately 20 % to global warming(Bouwman, 1990) . An increasing concentration in theatmosphere, and ill-defined sink and source strengths haveled to a proliferation of the stud…     

2019年秋冬季京津冀与周边地区污染传输特征分析

本研究结合大气环境观测数据,应用潜在源分析法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT),以及基于WRF-CMAQ模式的传输矩阵和传输通量计算方法,研究分析了2019年秋冬季京津冀典型城市的大气污染特征与成因,量化评估了京津冀地区与周边省份之间的PM_2.5传输贡献.结果表明,京津冀地区冬季较秋季污染严重,且重污染时段PM_2.5浓度均与相对湿度呈显著的正相关,和风速呈显著的负相关;京津冀典型城市北京、天津和石家庄的潜在源区主要分布在京津冀本地、山西、内蒙古中部地区和山东地区,这与CWT结果基本吻合.京津冀各省域的PM_2.5以本地排放贡献为主,北京、天津和河北的本地贡献率范围为54.33%～66.01%,京津冀受区域外传输的贡献率范围为0.11%～26.54%.传输通量结果表明,冬季PM_2.5的传输主要受高空西北气流的作用,尤其清洁天气,高风速驱动清洁气团流入;秋季则主要受低空东南气流作用;传输通量呈现出显著的垂直分布特征,高空区域传输作用更为活跃,传输通量的流入/流出以及垂直分布与污染级别和RH呈现非线...     

上海城市热岛效应的特征分析

根据上海市城区和郊区的６个Ｄａｖｉｓ自动气象观测仪，１９９８、１９９９年两年观测记录，分析了近年来上海市城市热岛的变化特征。结果表明：上海市全年出现城市热岛的概率为８５．１３％，大多数的热岛强度约为２～３℃，有时可以达到３～５℃，最大热岛强度可达７．３７℃；上海市城市热岛可分为Ａ、Ｂ两大类，Ａ类日变化较平稳，强度较弱，主要发生在春夏季节；而Ｂ类有明显的日变化，强度较大，基本上发生在秋冬季节，上海市     

典型喀斯特地区城市热岛效应遥感反演研究——以喀斯特山区城市贵阳为例

随着城市化进程的加速,城市热岛效应越来越受到人们重视.喀斯特地区以其独特的地貌特征,表现出不同的热岛形成和分布情况.本文采用覆盖贵阳市的2001年ETM+和2007年TM遥感影像,进行亮度温度反演,分析热岛分布和形成原因.研究表明:除了常规热岛外,在贵阳市还广泛存在着与喀斯特的分布和石漠化的形成有着密切联系的异常热岛区...     

小麦－玉米轮作期土壤排放N2O通量及总量估算

对小麦-玉米轮作期周年的N₂O通量进行了测定和总量估算,分析了N₂O通量与土壤温度、地温、气温、降水和施氮量的关系。由实验获知,华北平原栾城农业生态系统实验站的农田N₂O通量(N)为10.6-24.2μg/(m²·h),相应的全年排放总量(N)为0.93-2.11kg(hm²·a)。施用尿素的农田排放N₂O量约占化肥施用量的0.54%,施用有机肥和化肥的农田排放N₂O量占总施氮量的0.70%。     

Toxicological effects involved in risk assessment of rare earth lanthanum on roots of Vicia faba L. seedlings

Combined chemical analyses and biological measurements were utilized to investigate potential toxicological effects and possible mechanisms involved in risk assessment of rare earth elements (REEs) on Vicia faba L. seedlings, which were hydroponically cultivated and exposed to various concentrations of lanthanum (La) for 15 days. The results showed that La contents in both the solution and roots increased with the increase of extraneous La, contributing to hormetic dose responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and endoprotease (EP) isozymes activities, and HSP 70 production enhanced at low doses but suppressed at higher doses of La. These physiological responses constituted antioxidant and detoxification systems against La-induced oxidative stress. The elevated La levels also contributed to oxidatively modified proteins, which were most responsible for subsequent cell death and growth retardation of the roots. By combination of hormetic and traditional threshold dose levels, the threshold dose range was deduced to be 108-195 μg La/g dry weight in the roots, corresponding to 0.90-3.12 mg/L of soluble La in the culture solution. It suggests that persistent applications of REEs may lead to potential ecological risk in the environment.     

A simulation study of mercury release fluxes from soils in wet-dry rotation environment

A simulative mesocosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of wet-dry rotation on mercury（Hg） flux from soil/water to air and the distribution of Hg species in water as well as Hg chemical fractions in soil. Three types of soil were employed including two kinds of paddy soil, Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosols（TPUC） and Xanthi-Udic Ferralosols（XUF）, as well as the Alluvial Soil（AS） from Three Gorge reservoir area in Chongqing, China. The results showed that Hg fluxes in wetting periods were significantly higher than that in drying periods. It might be due to the formation of a layer of stable air over the water surface in which some redox reactions promote evasion processes over the water surface. This result indicated that more Hg would be evaporated from the Three Gorge reservoir and paddy soil field during the flooding season. Hg fluxes were positively correlated with air temperature and solar irradiation, while negatively correlated with air humidity and the electronic conductivity of water. Hg fluxes from AS and TPUC were significantly higher than that from XUF, which might be due to the higher organic matter（OM） contents in XUF than TPUC and AS. The reduction processes of oxidized Hg were restrained due to the strong binding of Hg to OM, resulting in the decrease in Hg flux from the soil.     

夏季青岛大气气溶胶中不同形态磷的浓度、来源及沉降通量

利用2016年6~7月在青岛采集的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,分析了其中不同形态磷的浓度,讨论了夏季气溶胶中总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)的分布特征及来源,并估算了大气P的沉降通量.结果表明,夏季青岛大气气溶胶中TP的浓度为(49.3±30.6)ng·m~(-3),其中DP浓度为(15.5±10.4)ng·m~(-3),对TP的贡献为30.9%±11.0%.DP中以DIP占主导,其贡献平均约为60%.气溶胶中不同形态P的来源分析结果显示,夏季青岛气溶胶中P的来源复杂,受地壳源、人为源、生物质燃烧、农业施肥等多种源的共同影响.其中TP的38%来自土壤源的贡献,农业活动源和工业源的贡献分别为20%左右;DP中DIP主要受到农业活动源及燃烧源的影响,其贡献分别为51%和24%;DOP主要来源于土壤源及农业活动源,其贡献分别为41%和27%.观测期间,大气TP的干沉降通量为(51.7±31.7)μg·(m~2·d)~(-1),其中DP对TP干沉降通量的贡献为23.2%±8.2%.DP中DOP有重要贡献,约为DP干沉降通量的40%.DP的干沉降通量可支持黄海(0.5±0.3)mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)浮游植物碳的生产,对新生产力的贡献约为1%.     

废聚氨酯硬泡热处理特性及产物检测分析

利用热重分析仪和管式炉研究了废弃聚氨酯硬泡热处理特性并对热处理产物进行了检测分析。研究结果表明,废聚氨酯硬泡热处理过程呈单一剧烈失重峰,热失重主要发生在200～440℃之间,600℃热分解基本完成;FTIR谱图初步分析发现加热分解过程中有大量CO和CO2产生,且热处理过程中可能有O-H、C-H、C=O及带有苯环的物质生成。通过GC/MS检测分析结果显示热处理液体产物中检出多元醇以及苯胺、p-苯胺、苯甲腈等多种芳香类化合物,气体产物以低碳的烷烃和烯烃为主,可见FTIR和GC/MS分析结果有很好的一致性。研究结果显示,气体产物检测出有机氯化合物,这可能是聚氨酯硬泡生产过程中加入的氟利昂类发泡剂所致。