Characterisation and identification of carbofuran-utilising bacteria isolated from agricultural soil

A total of 96 bacterial cultures were isolated from soil. Seventeen bacterial isolates were selected following their cultivation on solid media containing 100 mg · L^?1 carbofuran as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Of the 17 isolates, 10F, 11M, 17N, 23B and 26M were specifically chosen because of their relatively higher growth efficiency and genetic diversity based on Box-polymerase chain reaction analysis. These bacterial cultures had 16S rRNA gene sequences that were most similar to Acinetobacter baumannii (10F), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (11M), Ochrobactrum anthropi (17N), Escherichia coli (23B) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (26M) with 97, 95, 93, 95 and 94% similarity in their 16S rDNA gene sequence, respectively. Degradation rates of carbofuran in soil inoculated with these isolates were 1.9, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 and 1.6 times, respectively, faster in comparison with uninoculated soil after 10 days of incubation. The maximum degradation rates of carbofuran (45 and 91%) were detected in soil inoculated with A. baumannii (10F) after 10 and 20 days’ incubation, respectively. These data indicate that these isolates may have the potential for use in bioremediation of pesticide contaminated soil.     

Effects of sepiolite and biochar on microbial diversity in acid red soil from southern China

Sepiolite and biochar can immobilize heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil effectively, but their impact on the soil microbial community and diversity is still unclear. High-throughput Illumina MiSeq method was used to study the effects of sepiolite and biochar on the diversity of microbial communities in acid red soil amended with cadmium and atrazine. A total of 47,472 microbiological Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were found in all the treated soil samples. Sepiolite and biochar enriched the diversity of soil microbes at different classification levels and OTUs, but the effect of biochar was stronger than that of sepiolite. A Venn diagram showed that compared with other treatments, adding 2% biochar could promote the growth of specific microbes, which is better than the case for 5% biochar. The heat map of species abundance cluster showed that the dominant microbes in soil were different for different treatment doses of sepiolite and biochar. Among all the soil treatments, the top ten dominant bacterial phyla (from high to low dominance) were: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria­, and Verrucomicrobia. The addition of sepiolite and biochar promoted the restoration of the microbial community diversity in contaminated soil.     

离子液体[C16mim]Cl对泥鳅的毒性效应

以泥鳅为受试动物,采用急性毒性、微核试验及酶活分析实验,研究了离子液体[C16mim]Cl对水生生物的生物毒性作用。急性实验表明:[C16mim]Cl对泥鳅有明显的毒性,其对泥鳅24、48和96h的LC50分别为2.533、1.763和1.379mg.L-1;微核实验表明:对照组红细胞微核率为0.5‰左右,而处理组红细胞微核率最高达到12.89‰,且各处理组均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);酶活分析实验表明:处理组血清的GPT和GOT活力均明显高于对照组,且随[C16mim]Cl浓度增高而呈现上升趋势。从以上结果可以得出:[C16mim]Cl对泥鳅具有显著的遗传毒性和生理毒性效应,因而推测其大量使用可能对水生生物及生态环境具有一定的毒害作用。     

单元模态应变能法在输电铁塔损伤识别中的应用

输电塔结构在灾害中发生倒塌的现象时有发生,故而对输电塔结构进行健康监测具有重要的实际意义。介绍了单元模态应变损伤指数(EMSDI)在结构损伤识别中的表达式,并将其应用于输电铁塔模型试验中。采用单元形函数代替原有模态曲率计算方法,可有效降低计算单元模态应变能的计算误差,从而增加了识别的准确性。在输电铁塔仿真模拟和试验中,对该识别方法的准确性和可靠性进行了验证。实例表明:单元模态应变损伤指数法能够准确地识别出结构的损伤位置,并可在某种程度上反映出损伤程度,可以应用到实际输电塔结构损伤识别中。     

一株产耐热纤维素酶菌株的筛选及酶学性质

采用纤维素刚果红平板法从大田蘑菇种植场建堆的稻草样中分离得到了1株能产具有较好温度耐受性和pH稳定性的纤维素酶的放线菌DY3.综合形态、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,将其初步鉴定为嗜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca).对该菌所产纤维素酶的性质研究表明:最适催化温度为65℃,在70℃保温60 min后仍有75%以上的活力;最适催化pH为7.5,在pH 5.5～10.0之间该酶的稳定性较好,pH 10.0的条件下仍有80%的活力;最适作用底物是羧甲基纤维素钠.研究可为木质纤维素的生物预处理提供一定参考价值.     

一株中度嗜盐菌的分离及生物学特性

从我国内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖的样品中分离得到一株中度嗜盐细菌菌株JLT-01,研究了其形态和特性.结果显示:该菌株为杆状,革兰氏阴性,无芽孢,无荚膜,无鞭毛;最适培养温度为30℃,最适生长pH值7.5,最适生长盐度10%~12%(m/V),最适生长Mg2+浓度3.0%(m/V);能利用葡萄糖、蔗糖、半乳糖作为唯一碳源生长.脂肪酸成分分析表明在JLT-01中主要脂肪酸为C16:0与C18:1ω9c,含量分别为26.39%和20.30%.Tm法测定该菌的(G+C)含量(摩尔分数)为52.3%.以该菌的16S rRNA基因序列为基础构建了系统发育树;16S rRNA基因序列的序列同源性比对表明该菌与海杆菌属Marinobacter lipolyticus SM19T的同源性为98.0%,与Marinobacter属内其它菌株的同源性在96.0%~99.0%之间.DNA-DNA杂交实验分析显示:JLT-01与M.lipolyticus DSM15157的杂交率小于70%.结果表明,菌株JLT-01是海杆菌属的一个新菌株.     

Mycelial culture of wild Inonotus hispidus parasitizing the jujube tree and the cultivation conditions of its fruit body on rice medium北大核心CSCD

Inonotus hispidus is a kind of rare medicinal fungus, and its natural resources are very scarce. Currently, the artificial cultivation technology of I. hispidus is not completely developed, and this reflects on its extremely low biological conversion rate and long cultivation period. In order to improve the bioconversion rate and shorten the production cycle of I. hispidus, we first analyzed the mycelia culture conditions of the collected I. hispidus, and then we further explore the method of domesticated cultivation of its fruiting body in rice medium. During the process of mycelial culture, the suitable temperature, pH, carbon source, and nitrogen source for mycelial growth were selected using the mycelial growth rate as index. During the domesticated cultivation of the fruiting body, the suitable culture medium for its growth was selected using the bioconversion rate as index. Screening results of mycelial culture conditions showed that the optimal culture conditions for the growth of mycelium of the wild I. hispidus were: temperature of 25 °C, initial pH of 6.0, glucose as the carbon source, and yeast extract powder as the source of nitrogen. The results of the domesticated cultivation showed that the biotransformation rate of I. hispidus was higher when using rice as the main medium substrate. The optimal cultivation conditions were: a 0.2% yeast extract content in the nutrient solution, a 1:1.6 ratio of rice to nutrient solution, and a 4 mL inoculum of the liquid strain. Under these conditions, it took about 4 days for the mycelium to grow over the cultivation medium. The time required for the differentiation of the primordium to form fruit bodies was about 20 days, and the bioconversion rate reached 28.70% ± 5.05%. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of using rice as the main substrate for the cultivation of I. hispidus, and it also provide new insights for the finding of new cultivation substrates for other rare medicinal fungi. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effects of two different intercropping systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dissipation北大核心CSCD

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical organic contaminants in the environment. It is indicated that plants and soil microorganisms have a positive synergistic effect on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soil. To investigate the effect of intercropping on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and PCB remediation, a pot-cultivation experiment with two intercropping treatments, corn (Zea mays L.) / ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and corn/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and a corn monoculture was conducted in a greenhouse. All treatments were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae M47V. Plant biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization rate, concentration of PCBs and their homologs in soil, 16S rDNA gene abundance, and community composition measured by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) were determined after harvesting the plants. Intercropping significantly increased the root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn (P < 0.05), as well as the available N content of the soil. A significant difference of the bacterial community composition was found among different treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with corn monoculture, corn/alfalfa intercropping significantly increased soil bacteria abundance (P < 0.05). The dissipation rates of total PCBs, as well as that of penta-chloro biphenyls were significantly increased in the intercropping treatments, when compared to the corn monoculture treatment. Moreover, corn/ryegrass intercropping has a significantly positive effect on the dissipation of tri-chloro biphenyls. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that the PCBs homologues composition were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of 128 bp and 148 bp T-RFs. Corn intercropping with ryegrass or alfalfa has a positive effect on root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn. Inoculation of AM fungi in intercropping treatments significantly improved the efficiency of PCB remediation by promoting bacterial abundance and shifting the bacterial community composition. In conclusion, intercropping combined with AM fungi have positive synergistic effects on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soils. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

钻井废弃液中石油污染物及细菌生态多样性

采用GC/MS分析方法,发现平湖油田钻井废弃液中含有烃类、酸类和酯类等23种有机污染物质,含量达到49 800 mg/L。运用16S rRNA基因分析法测得的微生物生态多样性表明,废弃液中微生物种类丰富,包括γ和β变形杆菌,γ-Proteobacteria是优势菌群,占克隆总数78.6%。Oceanospirillales、Pseudomonadales和Enterobacteriales是γ-Proteobacteria纲的主要菌群。     

高氯酸盐降解菌的分离鉴定及特性研究

研究降解高氯酸盐环境污染物微生物的形态特征、分子系统特征、生长特性和降解活性。利用PCA选择性培养基富集分离高氯酸根降解菌,观察其形态,进行生理生化测定,用分子克隆技术获得菌株的16SrDNA基因并测序,并对菌株的16S rDNA基因序列进行比对和系统发育分析,并用培养技术和离子色谱法检测菌株对底物的利用和降解情况。从镇江江滨和镇江新区污水处理厂的活性污泥中分别分离到一株能降解高氯酸根的菌株JD14和JD125。此菌株在24～30℃条件下较快地降解底物高氯酸盐,其中在24℃下,15d内可以将初始质量浓度为1600mg·kg-1的高氯酸根降解（86±6.5）%。对两菌株的16S rDNA基因进行了克隆和测序,并进行系统发育分析,结果表明菌株JD14和Dechloromonas sp.SIUL相似度高达100%,JD125和Dechlorospirillum相似度达97%,最后鉴定JD14和JD125属于高氯酸盐降解菌。此前国内并无降解高氯酸根微生物的报道,对今后在环境污染防治中开发利用此类细菌具有指导意义。