Bacteria Degrading PCBs and CBs Isolated from Long-Term PCB Contaminated Soil

Bacteria able to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorobenzoic acids (CBs) were isolated from soil that had been contaminated with PCBs for 15–30 years. Contaminated soil in which PCB content ranged between 10–470 mg/kg was naturally vegetated with different plants including ash (Fraxinus excelsior), birch (Betula pendula), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) and goat willow (Salix caprea) trees as well as a variety of grasses and forbs. Bacteria able to use biphenyl as a sole source of carbon and energy were found in the root zone of all plants, but occurred in the largest numbers beneath pine and black locust. Bacteria able to degrade chlorobenzoic acids were isolated from the same location contaminated with PCBs. Strains that were taxonomically identified by 16S rDNA as Pandoraea were able to use 2-CB, 3-CB, 2,3-CB, 2,5-CB as sole carbon sources, and the strain Arthrobacter utilised 4-CB.     

低应变反射波法基桩动测资料分析中的若干问题探讨

本文对低应变反射波法基桩动测资料分析中存在的信号分析方法、尺寸效应、桩周土的影响等问题的最新研究进展进行了分析,并且对相应问题给出了一些建议和可能的解决方法.     

基于MOD16的陕西省蒸散量时空分布特征

基于MOD16 遥感数据集,在ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 遥感图像处理系统的支持下,通过空间建模,计算蒸散多年年平均值和月平均值,并生成图像;结合陕西省矢量边界图、土地利用矢量图,统计不同时间尺度统计行政区域和不同土地利用类型的蒸散值.在ARCGIS 10 系统中,制作陕西省2000-2013 年年、月平均蒸散分布图.利用线性回归进行蒸散时间趋势分析,采用相关系数的统计检验方法进行显著性趋势检验.进而研究了陕西省2000-2013 年蒸散量的空间分布特征和时间变化规律,分析了不同类型下蒸散量的差异性变化特征.结果表明：（1）全省年蒸散量在波动中缓慢上升,波动范围为448.0～533.3 mm·a^-1,年平均值493.3 mm·a^-1.各月蒸散量的年际变化具有季节分异特征,秋末至仲春的月蒸散具有减少的趋势,春末至仲秋的蒸散具有增加的趋势.年内蒸散量呈单峰型分布,季节性变化特征明显,蒸散主要集中在5-9 月份,最高、最低值分别出现在8 月和11 月.（2）多年平均蒸散空间格局呈现北低南高的分布规律,高植被覆盖区蒸散量较大.蒸散变化趋势不明显的面积占77.2%,蒸散显著、极显著增加的像元主要分布在陕北地区、关中地区西部和陕南丘陵浅山区,蒸散显著和极显著减少的像元主要分布在关中城市群.（3）土地利用特点影响着陕西省蒸散量的分布状况,蒸散强度大小按类型排序依次为森林〉草地〉农田〉荒漠.研究结果对于陕西有限水资源的合理利用以及水资源短缺问题的解决、旱涝监测和预警等研究具有重要意义.     

重金属Cu2+抗性菌的筛选与吸附性能研究

采用富集培养方法从污水处理厂污泥中分离筛选出3株对Cu2+吸附能力较强的菌株,考察pH值、温度和Cu2+初始质量浓度对3株菌吸附能力的影响。结果表明,Z-1-4在pH值为5.0,30℃,Cu2+质量浓度为140 mg/L时吸附效果最好;Z-1-5在pH值为6.0,28℃,Cu2+质量浓度为170 mg/L时吸附效果最好;Z-1-6在pH值为6.0,28℃,Cu2+质量浓度为140 mg/L时吸附效果最好。其中菌株Z-1-5吸附能力最强,吸附容量可达13.68 mg/g。对Z-1-5进行16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定为鞘胺醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)。     

空心菜浮床对鱼塘水质和微生物多样性的影响

为从环境微生物的角度探讨生物浮床的水质调节机理,采用宏基因组学测序技术和生物信息学手段,分析了环境微生物和根系微生物群落的多样性.研究结果表明,鱼菜共生模式下优势菌门是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）等,主要菌属是聚球藻属（Synechococcus）、hgcI_clade、CL500-29_marine_group、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）和分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）等;空心菜根系微生物群落中最丰富的优势菌门是变形菌门和蓝细菌门,主要菌属是红细菌属（Rhodobacter）、噬氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga）和聚球藻属等.研究结果还表明低覆盖率（3.5%）的空心菜生物浮床能够增加水体的溶解氧含量,降低水体中含氮化合物的浓度和改善养殖环境中的微生态平衡,提高有益菌和氮循环细菌的含量.     

Diverse bacterial populations of PM2.5 in urban and suburb Shanghai,China

• Urban aerosols harbour diverse bacterial communities in Shanghai. • The functional groups were associated with nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur cycling. • Temperature, SO₂, and wind speed were key drivers for the bacterial community. Airborne bacteria play key roles in terrestrial and marine ecosystems and human health, yet our understanding of bacterial communities and their response to the environmental variables lags significantly behind that of other components of PM_2.5. Here, atmospheric fine particles obtained from urban and suburb Shanghai were analyzed by using the qPCR and Illumina Miseq sequencing. The bacteria with an average concentration of 2.12 × 10³ cells/m³, were dominated by Sphingomonas, Curvibacter, Acinetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Methylobacterium, Halomonas, Aliihoeflea, and Phyllobacterium, which were related to the nitrogen, carbon, sulfur cycling and human health risk. Our results provide a global survey of bacterial community across urban, suburb, and high-altitude sites. In Shanghai (China), urban PM_2.5 harbour more diverse and dynamic bacterial populations than that in the suburb. The structural equation model explained about 27%, 41%, and 20%–78% of the variance found in bacteria diversity, concentration, and discrepant genera among urban and suburb sites. This work furthered the knowledge of diverse bacteria in a coastal Megacity in the Yangtze river delta and emphasized the potential impact of environmental variables on bacterial community structure.     

酵母融合菌-活性污泥曝气处理含镍废水研究

利用酵母融合菌RJ与活性污泥曝气处理含镍废水.实验结果表明,融合菌对废水中的镍具有很强的富集性能,投加10g/L菌体,处理20 mg/L含镍废水,去除率可达70.10%;同时投加6g/L活性污泥,去除率上升到80.73%,出水固液分离效果得到改善;且融合菌的pH值适用范围较广,当pH=3～9时,去除率均在75%以上;溶解氧是影响曝气生物吸附的重要因素,在缺氧或富氧环境下,生物吸附会受到抑制,DO为2.5～4.5 mg/L时吸附效果较好;融合菌-活性污泥曝气处理不同浓度Ni2 的吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,相关系数为0.997 5.     

Effects of Simulated Sulphuric Acid Deposition On Calluna Vulgaris/Peat Microcosms and Associated Soil Solutions

Calluna vulgaris/peat microcosms have been used in an outdoor simulated acid rain experiment to test a series of hypotheses about sulphuric acid deposition effects upon the growth of Calluna on peat soil, namely: (1) Initially, enhanced acid input will enhance base cation and ammonium concentrations in soil solution. This may enhance uptake of these species, increasing foliar concentrations of base cations and nitrogen, and possibly foliar chlorophyll a and b concentrations. (2) If changes are induced in nutritional status, they may influence plant growth. (3) in the longer term, enhanced ammonium and base cation solubility occurring as a consequence of cation exchange reactions will lead, especially in winter months, to enhanced leaching losses. Hence any positive effects upon plant nutrition will not be sustainable. (4) the peat will acidify significantly over two years, in the shorter term primarily as a consequence of an enhanced mobile anion effect. (5) Acidification may reduce the rate of mineralisation of organic phosphorus and, in a phosphorus-deficient peat soil, this may lead to reduced foliar phosphate concentration and possibly induce phosphorus deficiency.

Most of these hypotheses were supported to some extent by the experimental results. the peat soil solution pH fell immediately in response to the acid treatments, and longer-term acidification continued progressively over the two years of the experiment. in the first year, the treatments significantly influenced the calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen status of the leaves from Calluna new shoots, whereas in the second year calcium, potassium and phosphorus were influenced. However, in both years foliar phosphate concentration was enhanced, rather than reduced, in response to increased acid load. Foliar carbon and nitrogen concentrations fell with increasing acidity of     

一株氯苯优势降解菌的降解条件优化

以氯苯降解率为降解效果指标,以降解温度、初始pH、降解时间、接种量和氯苯初始浓度为影响因素,对实验室保藏的一株氯苯优势降解菌株Lysinibacillus fusiformis LW13降解氯苯的降解条件进行优化。单因素试验结果表明,该降解菌株对氯苯的适宜降解条件分别为:温度20～40℃,pH为8.0,降解时间4 d,接种量2%～4%,氯苯初始浓度60～140 mg/L。以降解温度、氯苯初始浓度和接种量这三个显著影响因素进行正交试验,结果表明各影响因素的主次顺序为降解温度>氯苯初始浓度>接种量,最佳降解条件为降解温度35℃、氯苯初始浓度100 mg/L和接种量4%,最佳降解条件下氯苯降解率可高达93.8%。     

高效稠油降解菌DL1-G的筛选及降解特性

从大连保税库区稠油污染土壤中分离出1株稠油降解菌DL1-G,经形态观察、生化鉴定、16S rRNA序列及系统发育分析,鉴定该菌株为弯曲芽孢杆菌(Bacillus flexus).菌株DL1-G在第9d对稠油的降解率为39.89%,饱和烃和芳香烃的总含量降低了68.30%;GC-MS分析显示,饱和烃中nC11~nC38、nC6~nC30-烷基环已烷及姥鲛烷(27.179min)、植烷(30.657min)降解完全、未检出,C14~C16二环倍半萜烷及8α(H)-补身烷、8β(H)-补身烷、8β(H)-升补身烷降解率达99%以上,13β(H),14α(H)-C19~C29三环萜烷共降解了36.32%,11种甾烷类化合物共降解了12.04%;芳烃中萘系物、菲系物、芴系物、二苯并噻吩系物、联苯系物、甲基芘系物等都有不同程度降解,其中萘系物、芴系物、二苯并噻吩系物的降解率均达90%以上;菌株DL1-G对多环芳烃(PAHs)中的蒽、菲、芴、芘、萘的降解率分别达98.55%、97.16%、82.98%、64.85%、63.61%,表明该菌株在稠油污染治理方面具有良好的应用潜力.