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61.
Magne Friberg Namphung Vongvanich Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson Darrell J Kemp Sami Merilaita Christer Wiklund 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(6):873-886
Animal courtship rituals are important for species recognition, and a variety of cues might be utilized to recognize conspecific
mates. In this paper, we investigate different species-recognition mechanisms between two sympatric butterfly sister species:
the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) and Real’s wood white (Leptidea reali). We show that males of both species frequently court heterospecific females both under laboratory and field conditions.
The long-lasting elaborate courtships impose energetic costs, since the second courtship of males that were introduced to
two subsequent conspecific females lasted on average only one fourth as long as the first courtship. In this paper, we demonstrate
that premating reproductive isolation is dependent on female unwillingness to accept heterospecific mates. We studied female
and male courtship behavior, chemical signaling, and the morphology of the sexually dimorphic antennae, one of the few male
traits visible for females during courtship. We found no differences in ultraviolet (UV) reflectance and only small differences
in longer wavelengths and brightness, significant between-species differences, but strongly overlapping distributions of male
L. sinapis and L. reali antennal morphology and chemical signals and minor differences in courtship behavior. The lack of clear-cut between-species
differences further explains the lack of male species recognition, and the overall similarity might have caused the long-lasting
elaborate courtships, if females need prolonged male courtships to distinguish between con- and heterospecific suitors. 相似文献
62.
In this commentary, we discuss recent experiments on the reliability of bird song as a signal of aggressive intent during
territorial conflicts. We outline relevant theoretical views on honest signaling, highlighting the vulnerability handicap
hypothesis as a possible explanation for soft song’s reliability in predicting attack. We also sketch possible methods of
testing whether soft song agrees with key predictions of the vulnerability handicap hypothesis. Finally, we suggest possible
empirical refinements that may be useful in future studies of signals of intent, both in birds and in animals broadly. In
particular, we argue that future studies of intent should strive to incorporate the following elements into their experimental
design: (1) multi-modal signal components, (2) interaction dynamics, and (3) minimal time intervals. Simulated exchanges using
dynamically interactive models may provide a powerful means of incorporating all three of these design features simultaneously.
相似文献
Mark E. LaidreEmail: |
63.
Fabrice Dentressangle Lourdes Boeck Roxana Torres 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(12):1899-1908
Females are expected to vary investment in offspring according to variables that may influence the offspring fitness in a way that optimises her inclusive fitness for a particular context. Thus, when sexual ornaments signal the quality of the male, females might invest in reproduction as a function of the attractiveness of their mate. We tested whether breeding conditions and male feet colour influence reproductive decisions of blue-footed booby females. In the blue-footed booby, male feet colour is a dynamic condition-dependent sexually selected trait that is related to paternal effort. During two consecutive years, an El Niño year (poor breeding conditions) and a year with good breeding conditions, we experimentally reduced male attractiveness by modifying their feet colour after the first egg was laid and recorded female investment in the second egg. We found that, relative to the first egg in the clutch, females laid heavier second eggs during the poor year than during the good year. Females paired with males with duller feet colour reduced second-egg mass and volume and delayed the laying of the second egg, independently of the year. Absolute yolk androstenedione (A4) concentration (but not testosterone, T) in second eggs was higher during a poor year than during a good year. Only during a year with poor breeding conditions, females paired with experimental males decreased the relative A4 concentration (but not T) in the second egg compared to control females. Thus, blue-footed booby females probably favour brood reduction by decreasing egg quality and increasing size asymmetry between chicks when the breeding and the mate conditions are poor. 相似文献
64.
Optimal parental investment usually differs depending on the sex of the offspring. However, parents in most organisms cannot
discriminate the sex of their young until those young are energetically independent. In a species with physical male–male
competition, males are often larger and usually develop sexual ornaments, so male offspring are often more costly to produce.
However, Onthophagus dung beetles (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae) are highly dimorphic in secondary sexual characters, but sexually monomorphic in
body size, despite strong male–male competition for mates. We demonstrate that because parents provide all resources required
by their offspring before adulthood, O.
atripennis exhibits no sexual size dimorphism irrespective of sexual selection pressure favoring sexual dimorphism. By constructing
a graphic model with three fitness curves (for sons, daughters, and expected fitness return for parents), we demonstrate that
natural selection favors parents that provide both sons and daughters with the optimal amount of investment for sons, which
is far greater than that for daughters. This is because the cost of producing small sons, that are unable to compete for mates,
is far greater than the cost of producing daughters that are larger than necessary. This theoretical prediction can explain
sexual dimorphism without sexual size dimorphism, widely observed in species with crucial parental care such as dung beetles
and leaf-rolling beetles, and may provide an insight into the enigmatic relationship between sexual size dimorphism and sexual
dimorphism. 相似文献
65.
Machteld N. Verzijden R. E. Madeleine Korthof Carel ten Cate 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1359-1368
While species-assortative behaviour is often observed in sympatrically occurring species, there are few examples where we
understand the extent to which development of assortative behaviour is genetically or environmentally determined, for instance,
through learning. However, the majority of mate choice theory assumes genetic recognition mechanisms. Knowledge about the
development of species recognition is important for our understanding of how closely related species can coexist and how this
coexistence may have arisen. The ontogeny of female mate choice, for instance, may critically influence the degree of assortative
mating under many circumstances. Also, male assortative aggression behaviour may affect fitness and the possibility for coexistence
of two closely related species. Here, we test whether male aggression biases and female mate preferences of two Lake Victoria
rock cichlid species, Mbipia mbipi and Mbipia lutea, are affected by experience. With an interspecific cross-fostering experiment, we test for the effect of experience with
the phenotype of the mother and that of the siblings on species-assortative mate preferences and aggression biases. We demonstrate
that female mate preferences are strongly influenced by learning about their mothers’ phenotype but not by experience with
their siblings, despite ample opportunity for interactions. Male aggression biases, in contrast, are affected by experience
with siblings but not by learning about their mothers’ phenotype. We suggest that the development of assortative behaviour
of females, but not of males, creates favourable conditions for sympatric speciation in Lake Victoria cichlids. 相似文献
66.
Female and male reproductive interests often differ. In species in which matings are accompanied by a transfer of resources
valuable for both participants, such as nuptial prey gifts, conflicts may readily occur. Scorpionflies may use alternative
mating tactics. One is to offer a prey item (dead arthropod) to females in exchange for mating. This prey gift tactic includes
a conflict because a male must decide on whether to offer the gift rather than to fight the female and consume the gift. The
outcome may depend on the nutritional status of both males and females. Males may be more willing to give if they themselves
are satiated and the condition of the females may influence the payoff from the males’ investment. Similarly, females may
be more willing to accept food gifts if they are in poor nutritional condition. In this study of the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata, I experimentally manipulated the feeding history of both males and females. I observed the outcome of the direct interactions
that followed when males that were holding prey were approached by females. I found that well-fed males offered the food gift
sooner than males in poor nutritional condition that fed extensively on the food item before offering. Female condition had
no significant influence on whether prey items were offered by males or accepted by females. I also found that well-fed males
rarely searched for prey to pursue the prey gift tactic in courtship. Thus, the prey tactic does not seem to be the males’
first option. 相似文献
67.
68.
Matteo Griggio Lorenzo Serra Davide Licheri Alessia Monti Andrea Pilastro 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(3):423-433
Females often base their mating preferences on male sexual secondary traits that are used to settle contests among males. Such traits are likely to be honest indicators of male quality if they are constantly used during costly male–male agonistic interactions. Carotenoid signals have been shown to work as a handicap because they are costly to produce. However, the role of carotenoids as “honest” signals during male contests is less clear, and it is not known whether a carotenoid-based trait can serve in both male–male competition and female choice. In this study, we studied the dual function of a carotenoid feather ornament in the rock sparrow (Petronia petronia), a bird species in which both sexes have a yellow throat patch whose size positively correlates with phenotypic measures. First, we investigated, in a field study, whether the size of a male’s yellow patch correlates with his ability to acquire a territory. Second, we tested the signal function of the yellow patch in two male–male interaction in captivity experiments. Finally, we measured female preference for males differing in throat patch size in a mate choice experiment. Our experiments revealed that the size of a male’s throat patch positively correlated with the number of nest boxes he was able to defend. Moreover, in controlled conditions, males with relatively large yellow patches had earlier access to food than those with small patches. Also, in an experiment in which a dummy rock sparrow with an experimentally manipulated yellow patch was positioned near a feeder, latency to feed by focal birds positively correlated with dummy patch size. Lastly, in a dichotomous mate choice experiment, females showed a proximity preference for males whose patch was experimentally enlarged. Taken together, these results suggest that the same carotenoid feather signal may be used in both male–male competition and female choice in this passerine bird. 相似文献
69.
Precopulatory sexual cannibalism (predation of a potential mate prior to copulation) offers an extreme example of intersexual conflict, a current focus in behavioral ecology. The aggressive-spillover hypothesis, posits that precopulatory sexual cannibalism may be a nonadaptive by-product of a general syndrome of voracity (aggression towards prey) that is expressed in multiple behavioral contexts. In this view, selection favoring high levels of voracity throughout ontogeny spills over to cause sexual cannibalism in adult females even when it is not necessarily beneficial. Using the North American fishing spider, Dolomedes triton, we present the first in depth test of this hypothesis. We found support for three aspects of the spillover hypothesis. First, voracity towards hetero-specific prey results in high feeding rates, large adult size, and increased fecundity. Second, juvenile and adult voracity are positively correlated (i.e., voracity is a consistent trait over ontogeny). Third, voracity towards hetero-specific prey is indeed positively correlated with precopulatory sexual cannibalism. Assays of antipredator behavior further revealed positive correlations between boldness towards predators, voracity and precopulatory sexual cannibalism. Overall, our results support the notion that precopulatory sexual cannibalism in D. triton is part of a behavioral syndrome spanning at least three major contexts: foraging, predator avoidance, and mating. 相似文献
70.
An unusual pollination strategy is pollination by sexual deception in which orchids sexually attract male insects as pollinators. One gap in knowledge concerns the pattern and extent of pollinator movement among these sexually deceptive flowers and how this translates to pollen and gene flow. Our aim was to use mark and recapture techniques to investigate the behavior and movement of male Colletes cunicularius, an important bee pollinator of Ophrys. Our study site was located in northern Switzerland where a large population of the bees was nesting. Within two plots, (10×40 m), we marked bees with different colors and numbered tags. Seventeen percent of the 577 marked bees were recaptured over a period of 1 to a maximum of 11 days. However, the number of recaptures dropped dramatically after 3–5 days, suggesting an average lifetime of less than 10 days. Mark-recapture distances varied from 0 to 50 m, with a mean of 5 m. Our findings show that individual male bees patrol a specific and restricted region of the nesting area in search of mates. This mark-recapture study provides the first clues about the potential movement of pollen within populations of Ophrys orchids. We predict that orchid-pollen movements mediated by bees will be similar to the mark-recapture distances in this study. Parallel studies within orchid populations, including direct studies of pollen movement, are now required to better understand how pollinator mate-searching behavior translates to pollination success and pollen movement within sexually deceptive orchid populations.Communicated by R.F.A. Moritz 相似文献