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101.
Clint D. Kelly 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(6):855-871
A long-standing hypothesis in behavioural ecology posits that males with greater resource-holding potential (RHP) control
resource sites deemed more valuable by sexually-receptive females and, thereby, males controlling such sites accrue greater
reproductive success (RS). This hypothesis has historically been investigated using three separate but non-mutually exclusive
relationships (male RHP vs. resource value, resource value vs. male RS and male RHP vs. RS). The relationships between these
three variables are predicted to be strongly positive, however, due to measurement error and biological noise, perfect correlations
(r = 1.0) are rare in biology even for well-established relationships. Moreover, the inaccurate identification of either the
male trait(s) important to RHP or the resource characteristic sought by females will weaken the observed strength of the relationships.
Here, I use meta-analysis to quantitatively describe the general pattern of these relationships in animals. I predict that
the relationships between male RHP, resource-value and RS should be significantly positive (male RHP and resource-value should
explain a large amount of the variation in male RS). My meta-analysis supports this hypothesis; however, in the best case
scenario only ca. 20% of the variation in the response variable was explained. I conclude by identifying areas in which we
need to improve our investigations of resource-defence animals and recommending approaches to meet these needs.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
102.
G. W. Uetz William J. McClintock Douglas Miller Elizabeth I. Smith Kristina K. Cook 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(4):253-257
Males of the brush-legged wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) have conspicuously decorated forelegs used in courtship and agonistic displays. Approximately one in five juvenile
males has a missing or regenerating foreleg, and regeneration of a leg lost during development usually results in the absence
of a decorative tuft on that leg. The subsequent asymmetry in this male secondary character significantly decreases success
in both courtship of females and male-male agonistic interactions. Experimental removal of tufts from one leg of previously
successful symmetric males produces similar results. As a test for concomitant behavioral effects, female spiders were shown
video images of a courting male with symmetric tufts and the same video image altered to have asymmetric tufts. Female receptivity
to the asymmetric video image was lower. In contrast to fluctuating asymmetry resulting from developmental instability, leg
tuft asymmetry in S. ocreata most likely arises from a single event during ontogeny – possibly leg loss from an aggressive or predator encounter – and
may serve as a quality indicator in female mate choice.
Received: 27 July 1995/ Accepted after revision: 19 November 1995 相似文献
103.
José P. Veiga 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,39(5):345-352
In many bird species the cryptic winter plumage is due to the presence of light feather tips that conceal conspicuous colorations.
The gradual abrasion of these tips that makes sexual traits visible has been interpreted as a strategy to improve mating success
(here referred as the permanent exhibition hypothesis). However, under some circumstances, the maintenance of a full plumage
that facultatively enables the bird to exhibit or cover aggression-inducing traits has proved to be advantageous (the coverable
badge hypothesis). In a population of house sparrows where black throat patches (here called badges) are used in intrasexual
competition, the degree of abrasion of dull feather tips that conceal bright colour early in the breeding season correlated
neither with badge size nor with traits indicating morphology and body condition. These results are only in accordance with
predictions of the coverable badge hypothesis. In 1992 experimental clipping of badge feather tips, which forced permanent
exposure of badges, negatively affected birds with the largest badges in terms of nest acquisition, but an opposite trend
was indicated for birds with the smallest badges. In 1993, when more novel birds in the study area were competing for nesting
sites than in 1992, only badge size, but not the experimental manipulation, affected nesting success. These results suggest
that the loss of the ability to conceal badges was disadvantageous, and more so if most competing individuals had already
been resident in the colony in previous years and the larger their badges were. There is a striking contrast between the results
reported for this study population, where badges mainly signal fighting ability, and those reported for another house sparrow
population, where badges are mainly used in mate choice. In this last population, tip abrasion is advantageous for dominant
individuals showing the largest badges. This suggests that the trade-off between conserving versus wearing off the feathers
that conceal ornaments could have different optimal resolutions depending on the relative importance of inter and intrasexual
selection on indicator traits.
Received: 29 September 1995/Accepted after revision: 14 July 1996 相似文献
104.
The role of humic substances in chromium sorption onto natural organic matter (peat) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
To elucidate mechanisms of Cr3+ sorption onto the unaltered solid natural organic matter, the comparative studies of this ion binding from a solution at pH 4.0 onto three selected particle size fractions: 2000–1000 μm, 630–200 μm and 63–20 μm of markedly different HS content and structure, separated by a wet sieving from an overall sample of peat (Brushwood Peat Humus) were carried out. Comparable patterns of COOH groups and CECt confirmed that for cation exchange capacity were responsible mainly cations connected with COO− functional groups. It was though found that aliphatic acids in the solid state did not take part in Cr3+ binding, thus the finest studied fraction 63–20 μm of the highest contents of functional groups showed the lowest sorption capacity for Cr3+, while similar patterns of sorbed Cr3+, soluble HS content and base CEC0 indicated that these parameters were directly interrelated. The base ion exchange processes determined by CEC0 (with Ca2+ as a predominant exchangeable cation) appeared to be not the major mechanisms responsible for Cr3+ sorption. For this metal, strong binding to insoluble large molecular weight organic pool two- to threefold prevailed over the ion exchange processes. Very low acid desorption indicated generally low mobility of Cr3+-organic compounds. 相似文献
105.
106.
The increasing use and subsequent accumulation of polystyrene containers has triggered a substantial environmental problem. This study investigated using varied percentages of solid waste polystyrene disposable food dishes in the production of lightweight concrete samples with 350 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3) of cement and a density of 1,300 kg/m3. The polystyrene disposable dishes were ground into beads of 0–3 millimeters (mm) and 3–6 mm in size. First, the characteristics of Type II Portland cement, polystyrene, and aggregates were examined. The following characteristics of concrete using ASTM International and British Standards Institution standards were tested: slump, compressive strength, ability to resist chloride ion penetration, and resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing cycles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analytical techniques were also used. The slump of samples varied between 40 and 70 mm and was not dependent on either the polystyrene percentage or the size of the polystyrene beads in the concrete samples (p‐value > .05). The compressive strength of the concrete samples after 90 days of curing, and using different percentages of polystyrene, varied between 96 and 113 kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm2). The resistance of the samples to the freezing and thawing cycle and chloride ion penetration were affected unfavorably by the presence of the polystyrene. The SEM technique indicated that concrete samples containing 15% and 25% polystyrene had denser crystals and less void than concrete samples with 40% and 55% polystyrene. 相似文献
107.
Research on the micro- and macrocharacteristics of different metamorphic degrees of coal helps improve the control and protection techniques used during spontaneous combustion. Nine coals with different properties were thoroughly investigated in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a self-designed temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system were adopted to analyze the molecular structure and macrocharacteristic parameters of the spontaneous combustion of coal. Additionally, the influence of particle size on spontaneous combustion was considered. Various functional groups were employed as microcharacteristic parameters to capture the principal active groups in oxidation. The gas production rate, oxygen consumption rate, gas concentration, heat energy release rate, and characteristic temperatures were evaluated as macrocharacteristic parameters to investigate the changes in coal during oxidation. The results establish that the microcharacteristics of coal molecules determine the degree of spontaneous combustion based on intrinsic properties and that changes in the macrocharacteristics of the spontaneous combustion of coal reflect the microstructural changes. The contents of the hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, alkyl ether and aryl ether in the coal molecules gradually decrease with the metamorphic increase. Oxygen-containing functional groups have higher reactivities and easily react with oxygen, causing the macroparameters, such as the oxygen consumption rate, the gas generation rate and the heat energy release rate, to consistently decrease with the increase of the metamorphic degree. Small-particle-size coal molecules have more active aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing functional groups and a larger specific surface area, increasing the chances of adsorbing the oxygen of active groups and promoting the reaction between coal and oxygen. The experimental results indicate that coal samples with higher metamorphic degrees or larger sizes exhibit lower tendencies toward spontaneous combustion. Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion of coal based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system is of great practical importance for preventing the spontaneous combustion of coal during storage, processing and utilization and can serve as a convenient reference for production safety in mining applications. 相似文献
108.
为了预防蔗糖粉尘爆炸,利用1.2 L哈特曼管研究了NH4H2PO4与Al(OH4对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑制作用。在蔗糖粉尘质量分数一定的条件下,通过改变 NH4H2PO4与Al(OH)4的粒径和质量分数,测定其对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑制效果。结果表明:随着NH4H2PO4和Al(OH)4质量分数的增加,粒径的减小,蔗糖粉尘的最小点火能均逐渐增大,当惰性粉体增加到一定质量时,蔗糖粉尘被完全惰化,在蔗糖粉尘中分别加入粒径为48~74,38~47,25~37 μm的NH4H2PO4和Al(OH)4,3种粒径的NH4H2PO4使蔗糖粉尘完全惰化的质量分数分别为40%,35%,30%,3种粒径的Al(OH)3使蔗糖粉尘惰化的质量分数均为60%。因此(NH4)H2PO4抑制蔗糖粉尘爆炸的效果比Al(OH)3更显著。 相似文献
109.
本文介绍了南岳森林土壤颗粒组成状况及其与环境间的关系,以及土壤的颗粒组成状况对其理化性质的影响。研究表明,南岳土壤质地主要为粉壤土、面砂土和壤粘土等。土壤质地的差异主要受植被类型、植物生长状况、放牧严重与否的影响,其次是受坡度和气候条件的影响。土壤颗粒组成状况显著地影响土壤的速效磷、速效钾、浸水容重、吸湿率、烧失率、pH值等,对土壤紧实度、有机质、碱解氮也有一定的影响。 相似文献
110.
Growth rate is a life-history trait often linked to various fitness components, including survival, age of first reproduction, and fecundity. Here we present an analysis of growth-rate variability in a wild population of savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus). We found that relative juvenile size was a stable individual trait during the juvenile period: individuals generally remained consistently large-for-age or small-for-age throughout development. Resource availability, which varied greatly in the study population (between completely wild-foraging and partially food-enhanced social groups), had major effects on growth. Sexual maturity was accelerated for animals in the food-enhanced foraging condition, and the extent and ontogeny of sexual dimorphism differed with resource availability. Maternal characteristics also had significant effects on growth. Under both foraging conditions, females of high dominance rank and multiparous females had relatively large-for-age juveniles. Large relative juvenile size predicted earlier age of sexual maturation for both males and females in the wild-feeding condition. This confirmed that maternal effects were pervasive and contributed to differences among individuals in fitness components.Communicated by J. Setchell 相似文献