Mitigation performance of the process protection system on the accident consequences of H2S-containing natural gas release and explosion

Toxic loads and explosion overpressure loads pose grave threats to the offshore oil and gas industry. Many safety measures are adopted to prevent and mitigate the adverse impacts caused by toxic loads and explosion overpressure loads. As a general safety barrier, the process protection system has been widely used but rarely evaluated. In order to assess the barrier ability, the mitigation performance of the process protection system is concerned in this study. Firstly, several chain accidents of H₂S-containing natural gas leakage and explosion are simulated by varying the response time of the process protection system with CFD code FLACS. Qualitative assessment is conducted based on the variation of the dangerous load profiles. Furthermore, the quantitative assessment of the mitigation performance is accomplished by considering its ability in reducing the probability of fatality. Emergency evacuation and no emergency evacuation are considered respectively in the quantitative assessment. The results prove that the process protection system takes effect on mitigating the toxic impact and explosion overpressure impact. The results also demonstrate that although the emergency evacuation may result in a severer explosion load to the operator, the process protection system can mitigate the adverse impacts regardless of whether the emergency evacuation is conducted or not.     

废荧光灯的环境污染对策探讨

废荧光灯管中的有害物质如果处置不当,会对人体健康和环境造成危害。目前国内大部分废荧光灯管未得到无害化处置,主要在指定的法规、有效的政策以及完善的运营机制方面存在很多弊端,应引起社会各界的关注和政府部门的重视。本文结合国内外废荧光灯管回收处置现状,针对存在的问题,提出源头控制、分类收集、多渠道回收、建立资金及资金补贴机制以及技术手段措施,为从根本上解决废旧灯管回收难的问题,并探索社会源危险废物的管理提供对策建议。     

Formulaic Expert Method to Integrate Evaluation and Valuation of Heritage Trees in Compact City

Urban trees serve important environmental, social and economic functions, but similar to other natural endowments they are not customarily depicted in monetary terms. The needs to augment protection, funding and community support for urban greening call for proper valuation. Heritage trees (HTs), the cream of urban-tree stock, deserve special attention. Existing assessment methods do not give justice to outstanding trees in compact cities deficient in high-caliber greenery, and to their social-cultural-historical importance. They artificially separate evaluation from valuation, which should be a natural progression from the former. Review of tree valuation methods suggested the formula approach to be more suitable than contingent valuation and hedonic pricing, and provided hints on their strengths and weaknesses. This study develops an alternative formulaic expert method (FEM) that integrates evaluation and valuation, maximizes objectivity, broadly encompasses the key tree, tree-environment and tree-human traits, and accords realistic monetary value to HTs. Six primary criteria (dimension, species, tree, condition, location, and outstanding consideration) branched into 45 secondary criteria, each allocated numerical marks. Each primary criterion was standardized to carry equal weight, and a tree's maximum aggregate score is capped at 100. A Monetary Assignment Factor (MAF) to consign dollar value to each score unit was derived from three-year average per m² sale price of medium-sized residential flats. The applicability of FEM was tested on selected HTs in compact Hong Kong. The aggregate score of a tree multiplied by MAF yielded monetary value, which was on average 66 times higher than the result from the commonly-adopted Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers method. The computed tree values could be publicized together with multiple tree benefits to raise understanding and awareness and rally support to protect HTs. The property-linked FEM could be flexibly applied to other cities, especially to assess HTs in compact developing cities.     

我国污染物总量控制制度改革的思考

污染物总量控制制度是我国环境保护制度的重要组成部分。结合污染物总量控制制度的实施现状,分析实施过程中减排基数、核算体系、责任主体等方面存在的问题。提出,改革现行污染物总量控制制度,将总量控制与改革中的排污许可制相融合,落实企业主体责任,将总量指标与环境质量改善挂钩,建立差异化的减排核算体系,并加强日常监管,达到改善环境质量的目标。     

输美轮胎特保案对中国贸易的影响及对策

分析了2009年9月26日美国对中国轮胎进口实施的特别保护措施,运用国际贸易和国际经济学的相关理论,对美国轮胎特保法案进行了剖析。在目前中美轮胎贸易情况下,从宏观和微观的角度探讨了轮胎贸易顺差形成的原因,以及长期和短期内对中国经济的影响,并对中国轮胎出口贸易提出了几点政策建议。     

哈密地区矿业生产环境保护与综合治理对策探讨

介绍哈密地区矿山企业发展现状,对矿业生产中具有共性的环境问题做了重点分析。深入探讨了在矿业开采中,应加强对当地矿山企业的管理,学习和借鉴国外先进的管理经验,把循环经济、清洁生产等新理念应用于矿山生产的全过程。这将有利于预防或减轻矿业开采造成的环境污染,也是发展经济和保护环境的有效途径。     

涞源县生态县建设的思考

生态县建设指标包含三部分,即经济发展、生态环境保护、社会进步。这三个指标的完成需要政府、企业、公民的共同参与。经济实力弱、发展水平和科技水平较低、生态环境意识差、环境及资源承载能力较低、环境综合治理缺少投入等因素严重制约了涞源县的生态县建设。只有强化组织领导,建立目标责任机制,编制生态县建设规划,重点推动经济现代化建设,加强环境基础设施建设,加强宣传教育,鼓励全民参与生态县建设,才能加快涞源县生态县建设的步伐,最终实现人与自然和谐发展。     

完善公众参与环境决策机制的法制探讨

公众参与环境决策是一项重要的公众民主权利。我国已经将环境公众参与作为一项重要的环境保护法律制度,但是由于目前我国环保法律制度的不完善,在实施公众参与环境决策机制上存在着诸多问题,本文从法制的角度探讨了公众参与环境决策的理论依据,分析和论证建立适合我国国情的公众参与环境决策制度的主要方式,并提出完善公众参与环境决策制度的建议。     

建设项目竣工环保验收中公众参与的探讨

建设项目竣工环境保护验收是我国环境保护管理的重要手段。阐述了建设项目竣工环境保护验收中公众参与的法律和制度基础,竣工环保验收中公众参与不仅能维护公众的环境权益,为竣工环保验收“三同时”制度的执行提供可靠依据,还可以推动环保行政主管部门决策的民主化、科学化。研究了竣工环保验收中公众意见调查的现状及存在的问题,提出加强和规范建设项目竣工环保验收公众参与的建议。     

污水处理厂一级A出水低温热能的回收与应用

阐述了国内外污水热能的应用现状,介绍了污水源热泵的工作原理、系统优越性、存在的问题。以工程实例证明污水源热泵是高效节能、经济可行、节能环保的新能源,对开发新的清洁能源、减少温室气体排放有重要价值。