基于外检测的新投产管道合于使用评价实践

目的落实油气管道定期检验工作,确保管道安全平稳运行,方法通过对西南管道公司所辖某天然气管道进行外腐蚀直接检测,包括管线敷设环境调查、防腐层状况不开挖检测、管道阴极保护有效性评价检测以及开挖直接检验。根据检测结果进行合于使用评价,包括应力分析计算、剩余强度评估、管道剩余寿命预测等。结果管道允许使用,再评价间隔5年。结论直接检测方法采用多种检测手段对管道外腐蚀情况和防腐保护系统进行管道全面检验,并出具合于使用评价,是一种综合的完整性评价方法,符合法定检验的要求,其评价结果可作为管道完整性管理的可靠依据,可据此制定管道的维修方案和预防措施。     

再入飞行器超高温陶瓷防热应用研究

目的探索尖锥外形高超声速飞行器超高温陶瓷防热设计约束要求。方法基于计算流体力学有限体积数值求解方法研究高超声速层流状态尖锥形飞行器的气动热环境,通过不同攻角下热流及辐射平衡温度分布规律研究获得防热设计约束要求。针对典型尖锥飞行器超高温陶瓷防热设计要求开展几何尺寸、攻角范围影响研究,最后探讨超高温陶瓷高性能热导率对防热设计影响。结果尖锥飞行器高热流仅限于驻点附近很小的区域,迎风面热流随着攻角增大迅速提高。满足防热设计约束的极限飞行攻角与端头长度呈正比,端头长度增加0.1m,极限攻角增大10°。超高温陶瓷热导率对端头防热设计影响较大,随着材料热导率增大50%,驻点辐射平衡温度降低205 K,端头连接结构温度增大50 K。结论尖锥体超高温陶瓷端头防热设计的重要约束指标为端头连接结构温度限制,设计时需要合理优化飞行攻角剖面,选取热导率性能适中的材料。     

环保系统计量认证的工作程序

为帮助申请国家级计量认证的环保机构开展工作，介绍了环保系统计量认证的依据、认证机构、评审准则以及工作程序，并就计量认证的申请与受理程序、准备工作、评审步骤、整改与上报材料以及审批发证程序进行了阐述。     

Assessing the performance of motorcyclists’ impact protectors in simulated ATD knee and shoulder impacts

Objective: Fractures are a common injury among motorcycle riders and can have serious health implications. Impact protection (IP) has been designed to help prevent fractures, yet there are conflicting opinions as to whether this IP does in fact help prevent fractures in real-world crashes. This work aimed to (1) use simulated dummy impacts to examine whether existing types of IP could reduce the force transferred to the underlying bone to below fracture tolerance levels and (2) investigate whether current European Standard (EN 1621-1) test procedures for impact protectors designed for motorcyclists are sufficient to ensure fracture protection.

Method: Twenty-three shoulder and 7 knee IP specimens were tested using a 23-kg impactor contacting axially along the clavicle and femur of an anthropomorphic test device (ATD) at an energy level corresponding to the fracture tolerance of these bones. Sixteen IP specimens were the same as those worn by motorcycle riders involved in crashes where injury outcome was known (knee: n?=?3; shoulder: n?=?13) and the IP had been previously tested to EN 1621-1. Other IP tested represented a wide range of IP available for purchase at a motorcycle accessory store. Double and triple layers of IP were also tested. Energy attenuated during the dummy impacts was compared to energy attenuated when tested to EN 1621-1.

Results: Of the 23 shoulder IP tested, the average percentage reduction of transferred force to the shoulder from the baseline test was 7.6?±?4.8%. The percentage reduction of transferred force to the knee from the baseline was 43.9?±?7.5%. The entire group of knee IP tested reduced the transferred force to the knee to below the 10-kN injury threshold for the femur. There was a positive but nonsignificant correlation between the ATD test and the EN 1621-1 impact test performance, suggesting that the European standard test method likely provides a good indication of IP performance. However, given the low correlation coefficient, the relationship between IP performance in the European standard test method and injury protection remains unclear.

Conclusion: Though the energy attenuation test method in the European standard may be an appropriate approach, distinct differences in injury protection performance observed between knee and shoulder IP indicate that there may be a need for different performance criteria for IP designated to protect different body regions.     

合成氨装置系统安全仪表系统安全完整性等级分析

论文在介绍安全仪表系统、安全完整性等级的基本原理基础上,综合分析了危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)等系统风险分析理论的应用方法。并结合上述理论,确定了安全仪表系统的安全完整性等级(SIL)定级。以合成氨装置为例,应用HAZOP及保护层分析方法,得出了合成塔压力过高及废热锅炉液位过低2个场景下的安全完整性SIL等级。结果表明:合成塔装置仪表的SIL等级为1,废热锅炉仪表的SIL等级为2。     

关于高校实训室开放的安全防护策略研究

为保障大学生在开放实训室独立开展创新实践活动中的安全,本文从"人防、物防、技防"3个范畴提出实训室开放的具体安全防护策略。其中,人防策略提出了以学生为主体的基于理论结合实操模式的实训室准入制度、教师为主导的指导和监管制度;物防侧重从实训室开放的制度保障、实训室文化、设备安全改造3方面给出防护策略;技防则将"互联网+"、"APP+"的现代技术融入在人防和物防策略中,使得三防相辅相成,进而为实训室开放与共享提供更为全面可行的防护策略,避免安全事故的发生。     

长江流域主要污染物总量减排及水质响应的时空特征

从流域尺度评估污染物减排与水质响应成为我国水环境质量管理的重要内容,以长江流域为研究对象,分析了“十二五”期间长江10个子流域的主要污染物(化学需氧量和氨氮)减排效果及水质响应的时空差异。结果表明,环保投资大幅度增加促进了长江流域主要污染物的减排,然而不合理的环保投资结构导致流域水污染治理效率并不高。不同流域污染负荷差异显著,长江中下游负荷量约为源头区的4倍。不同污染物的水体质量浓度与流域负荷量之间的响应机制存在明显差异,其中,长江各流域水体氨氮质量浓度对流域的氨氮负荷量变化表现出积极的响应关系,相比之下,长江各流域水体高锰酸盐指数的年平均质量浓度变化趋势与流域化学需氧量负荷的变化并不一致。建议调整长江流域污染治理的环保投资结构,提高生活源污染的治理效率,同时在分析流域总量减排与水质响应不确定性基础上,优化和调整流域污染物管理方案.     

核电厂厂址保护范围与要求探讨

核电厂厂址选择需要综合考虑各种自然和人为因素,一种宝贵的稀缺资源,考虑核电的长远规划,为防止由于人为因素使核电厂厂址及其周围环境条件遭到破坏,有必要采取有效的措施对核电厂厂址实施保护。核电厂厂址保护内容主要涉及核电厂安全、事故应急条件以及环境相容性等方面,保护范围可分为拟征地范围和非居住区、规划限制区、外围地带等,其中拟征地范围和非居住区是厂址保护中最为核心的区域,应当予以重点保护。通过对相关的保护范围和要求展开探讨,以期对今后核电厂厂址确定相关保护范围和要求具有一定的参考意义。     

大庆市畜禽养殖环境污染解决对策与研究

随着大庆市畜禽养殖业的发展,畜禽养殖过程中产生的粪便、尿液及其他物质处理不及时,会对环境造成污染、人体产生危害,特别是近年来社会环境意识不断加强,长期积累的畜禽养殖污染问题越发凸显出来.2015年,大庆市畜禽养殖业化学需氧量、氨氮的排放量分别为11.62万吨、0.2万吨,占全市总排放量的84.94％、37.99％,占农业源排放量的99.9％、89.79％,畜禽养殖业已成为农业面源污染的主要根源.根据大庆市畜禽养殖的污染及减排现状,分析了畜禽养殖污染存在的问题及成因,提出了科学的污染防治对策,为保护大庆市生态环境、促进畜禽养殖业发展提供参考.     

Restraint use in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Objectives: This study set out to examine seat belt and child restraint use in the Dammam Municipality of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, based on the premise that an increase in seat belt use would significantly reduce personal injury in traffic crashes. It was expected that local data would help identify intervention strategies necessary to improve seat belt use in the region.

Methods: The research involved 2 methodologies. First, 1,389 face-to-face interviews were conducted with male and female adults in regional shopping plazas regarding their own and their children's restraint use in their vehicles and reasons for these attitudes and beliefs. Second, 2 on-road observation studies of adult and child restraint use were conducted by trained observers. Occupants of approximately 5,000 passenger vehicles were observed while stopped at representative signalized traffic intersections.

Results: The findings showed front seat belt use rates of between 43 and 47% for drivers and 26 to 30% for front seat passengers; rear seat belt use rates were lower. While there seemed to be some knowledge about the purpose and reasons for restraining both adults and children in suitable restraints, this failed to be confirmed in the on-road observations.

Conclusions: Reasons for these rates and findings are discussed fully, and recommendations for improving seat belt use in the Dammam Municipality are included.