省级以下建设用地空间配置效率测度及优化探讨

通过对建设用地扩张的空间最优配置特征进行理论分析,构建相应模型测度贵州省2005-2013年建设用地扩张所存在的空间配置效率损失,在此基础上,以当前建设用地计划配置机制为切入点,分析省级以下层面建设用地扩张空间配置效率损失的成因,探讨可行的优化路径,以期为我国土地资源配置优化提供科学参考.理论分析结果显示判定建设用地扩张的配置是否符合空间效率的条件应是辨别区域间建设用地扩张的边际净收益是否相等,本研究以此为原则对2005-2013年间贵州省建设用地扩张进行实证分析,结果发现该时段贵州省的建设用地扩张存在12.33％的空间配置效率损失,所辖区域均出现不同程度的空间错配,在此基础上,以建设用地计划配置体系为切入点进行深入剖析,发现当前计划配置体系缺乏指标区域间再调节机制应是造成省级以下层面建设用地扩张空间配置效率损失的主要原因之一,因此,建议在建设用地总量控制的基本框架下,通过引入市场机制(构建省级以下指标交易平台)来优化区域建设用地扩张的空间配置效率.本研究着力于测度分析省级以下层面建设用地扩张的空间配置效率,旨在说明市场机制的构建是优化建设用地资源空间配置的一条可行路径,但在实际中建设用地扩张还涉及其他影响因素,其最优配置还需要考虑城市性质、产业结构、用地功能等诸多条件,因而对其优化的实践还需要进一步的综合考虑.     

山西煤炭经济替代产业探索——兼论重点旅游景区拉动地区经济发展之路径

以煤炭业为绝对支柱产业的经济结构使山西陷入了环境污染重,社会缺乏创新和活力,经济发展迟缓,政治易生腐败等困境,尤其是山西的经济增长表现出受煤炭需求变化而大起大落的无奈特征,因此以前途黯淡和负面作用过大的耗竭性能源工业为支撑的山西经济,必须选择潜力大、对环境损害小或有贡献意义的替代产业。通过与在山西被认为有前景的装备制造业的收入、增加值的数据比较,以及旅游业收入、增长率与山西GDP及其人均值和增长率、可支配收入的各项指标排名的较量分析,结果表明:1从实际数值、依赖资源和条件、成长环境看,山西旅游业发展和替代优势远大于装备制造业;2山西旅游业发展及其增速水平要明显高于山西各项经济指标在全国的横向地位;3旅游业在山西具备产业比较和煤炭替代产业优势。根据山西资源条件及旅游业薄弱环节,构建以重点景区为基点的推动地区经济增长的循环路径模式,主要包括:1空间上,开发和充分利用重点景区周围地带,促使旅游业拓展、联盟、聚集和渗透,展现重点景区附近煤矿旅游资源怀旧、休闲、奇特和典型山西风格之价值;2重点景区周边环境经营成具有交友、聚首、消遣娱乐等多项享受时光、集人气活动和功能的场所,针对的消费群体应该多元化;3产业链上开发和表现的重点环节是购物和表演,购买品要以小巧别致的面目印染上山西的文化符号,优先发展消耗型特产。表演要成为以地方曲艺、方言等形式表现山西民俗生活百态的普遍存在。     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on Age at First Marriage in Slum Areas,Bangladesh

This article attempts to examine the influence of some selected predictor variables on female age at first marriage in slum areas of Bangladesh. A path and multiple classification analysis （MCA） approach have been adopted. Authors thought that respondent＇s educational level and the mass media such as watching television have a significant direct impact on age at marriage, while the types of family and occupational status have an indirect effect on age at marriage.     

Understanding farmers' strategic decision-making processes and the implications for biodiversity conservation policy

The conservation of biodiversity is an important issue world wide and in Australia the maintenance of native biodiversity on farms makes an important contribution to overall conservation objectives. This paper seeks to explain Australian farmers' rationale for maintaining biodiversity on their farms for personal as opposed to business reasons by developing a decision-systems theory from in-depth interviews. This difference has implications for policy development. The decision-systems theory is divided into two main sections. The first section contains five parts. (1) A hierarchy of motivation stories, (2) the concept of suitability and availability of opportunities, (3) a hierarchy of three decision-systems, (4) the concept of personal career paths, (5) the concept of Lenses. The second section contains one part, a policy classification system called 'boxes of influence' that suggests how policy developers can use the information in the first section to develop new biodiversity conservation policy. The paper suggests that decision-systems theory could be used to shed new light on current trends in agriculture and become an important investigative tool for policy development concerning the conservation of biodiversity on farms.     

生态产品价值实现的理论意蕴、机制构成与路径选择

本文阐释了生态产品、生态产品价值和生态产品价值实现三个概念的内涵外延,论述了生态产品价值实现的理论基础,分析了当前生态产品价值实现存在的矛盾,并围绕如何推进生态产品价值实现,提出了建立生态产品调查监测、价值评价、保护补偿、经营开发以及价值实现保障等针对性机制举措,着力构建生态产品价值实现的闭环路径。     

天山低层云水资源中冰粒子物理属性年际变化

采用2003 年1 月至2012 年12 月美国宇航局NASA 发布的CERES SSF Aqua MODISEdition 1B、2B和3A云资料,从冰水柱含量、云等效温度、云等效高度以及冰粒子等效直径4 个云物理宏微观属性考察天山低层云水资源年际变化特征.结果表明:冰水柱含量均值在32.7~92.0 g/m²之间,云等效温度均值在214.9~257.3 K之间,云等效高度均值在3.9~5.7 km之间,冰粒子等效直径均值在12.7~22.4 μm之间.冰水柱含量、云等效高度、云等效温度均呈降低的年际变化特征,冰粒子等效直径呈增加的年际变化特征.     

基于系统动力学的城市生态系统建设路径研究——以天津市为例

城市生态系统是一个复杂的巨系统,随着经济社会的发展,城市生态系统面临着诸多环境问题,研究城市生态系统建设路径对城市生态环境的改善具有重要意义.本文将影响城市生态系统建设的宏观因素分为5个主要子系统：经济子系统、人口子系统、环境子系统、资源子系统和能源子系统.利用系统动力学模型（System Dynamics, SD）构建城市生态系统的因果回路图和存量流量图,定量描述人口、资源、环境、能源与经济子系统中各相关变量之间的动态反馈关系,以模拟其建设状况及未来变化趋势.考虑到不同的政策驱动因素对城市生态系统建设的影响不同,设置了自然增长型、人口控制型、环境导向型、科技导向型、资源节约型和平衡发展型6种建设路径,通过改变主要模型参数的值来模拟关键变量的变化.研究发现,城市生态环境问题是人口增速过快、产业发展不均衡、水资源匮乏等综合原因造成的.最适合天津市的发展路径是在控制人口增量的同时加强人才引进政策,以此来提高全市科技发展水平,在增加供水方面不仅要依靠科技进步来促进再生水利用量,还要增加外来调水.     

游憩导向下国土空间生态修复的理论与模式

游憩导向下国土空间生态修复是将受损生态空间保护与休闲空间融合的重要手段,是构建山水林田湖草命运共同体与提高人类福祉的重要内容。基于国内外研究现状,界定了游憩导向下国土空间生态修复的概念,提出其应遵循生态系统服务理论、人地关系地域系统理论、区位理论、景观基因理论、大地艺术理论五大理论逻辑。基于实践案例归纳了游憩导向下生态修复模式类型、特征与问题,并提出实践模式的五大优化路径,包括明确功能适宜、效益最优的修复导向,建立多级空间尺度联动的传导机制,提升游憩导向下生态修复地的地方嵌入性,加强修复效果的动态监测评估,构建可持续的建设与运营管理模式,以期为游憩导向下国土空间生态修复和保护提供理论和实践参考。     

土壤重金属污染损害赔偿实现路径研究

土壤是动植物赖以生存的载体,重金属污染不仅严重侵害人体健康,而且破坏土壤耕作功能。土壤重金属污染具有涉及面广、受害人多、技术性强等特点,加之因果关系认定与证据收集难度大,促使受害人的权利救济遭遇现实困境。建议在严格责任、修复费用次优受偿、惩罚性赔偿等原则指引下,完善能实现受害者联合、节约司法资源、促进企业产业升级的集团诉讼制度;建构以"重金属污染基金制度"与"重金属污染责任保险制度"为主要路径的中国土壤重金属污染损害的社会化救济机制。     

SUBSURFACE QUALITY TRANSFORMATIONS DURING THE INITIATION OF A NEW STABILIZATION LAGOON1

ABSTRACT Raw sewage was metered into a newly-constructed lagoon of the Pima County Department of Sanitation, Tucson, Arizona. Seepage losses were calculated from data on inflow, evaporation and change in storage. Water samples were obtained from shallow suction cups, a 40 ft. and a 60 ft. PVC well and a 100 ft. access tube, all located inside the lagoon. Samples from these wells, together with water samples from the lagoon, were examined for conform organisms and various physical and chemical constituents. Of special concern were transformations in nitrogen. Estimated seepage rates in the lagoon during inundation ranged from 0.20 ft. per day to 0.10 ft. per day. Water level observations in wells reflected the percolation of effluent to the water table, 70 ft. below land surface. Initially, the nitrate ion levels in the suction cup samples were high, manifesting the leaching of indigenous soil nitrogen. With the onset of anaerobic conditions at the base of the lagoon, nitrification was inhibited at the soil surface and ammonia became the predominant form of nitrogen in the soil solution. Sorption of ammonium ion appeared to occur on clay particles in a soil zone of high cation exchange capacity. There were no undesirable microbial or chemical effects of recharge from lagoon seepage on native groundwater quality.