Effect of iron and dissolved silica on primmorphs of Petrosia ficiformis (Poiret, 1789)

The suitability of the primmorphs system as a good model for biotechnological applications led researchers on primmorphs to look for a medium to stimulate cell proliferation and therefore growth of aggregates. Recent efforts have focused on the use of Fe⁺³ and Si that, supplemented to cell culture medium, were found to be promising for growth and morphogenesis of the sponge Suberites domuncula. In this work, we analysed the effect of iron and dissolved silica on primmorphs of Petrosia ficiformis, by testing them at different concentrations in successive experiments. The purpose of these experiments was to test their effect on primmorphs and individuate their optimal concentration for this species. Our results suggest a negative effect of iron on primmorphs of P. ficiformis and a positive effect of silica on primmorphs size and spiculogenesis at a concentration of 120 μM.     

An integrated river basin-coast-sea modelling scenario for nitrogen management in coastal waters

Linked river basin and coastal water models were applied to analyse the effects of an optimal nitrogen management scenario in the Oder/Odra river basin on water quality in the Oder (Szczecin) Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea). This scenario would reduce nitrogen loads into the coastal waters by about 35%, a level which is similar to the load of the late 1960’s. During summer the primary production and algae biomass in the Oder estuary is limited by nitrogen, which makes a nitrogen management reasonable. The comparison of the late 1960’s and the mid 1990’s shows that an optimal nitrogen management has positive effects on coastal water quality and algae biomass. However, this realistic nitrogen reduction scenario would not ensure a good coastal water quality according to the European Water Framework Directive. A good water quality in the river will not be sufficient to ensure a good water quality in the lagoon. Nitrogen load reductions bear the risk of increased potentially toxic, blue-green algae blooms, especially in the Baltic coastal sea. However, to reach water quality improvements in lagoons and inner coastal waters, nitrogen cuts are necessary. A mere focus on phosphorus is not sufficient.     

Calibration and uncertainty analysis of a simple model of silica-limited diatom growth in the Elbe River

A simple Lagrangian water quality model was designed to investigate the hypothesis of sporadic silica limitations of diatom growth in the lower Elbe River in Germany. For each fluid parcel a limited reservoir of silica was specified to be consumed by diatoms. The model's simplicity notwithstanding, a set of six selected model parameters could not be fully identified from existing observations at one station. After the introduction of prior knowledge of the ranges of meaningful parameter values, calibration of the over-parameterised model manifested itself primarily in the generation of posterior parameter covariances. Estimations of the covariance matrix based on (a) second order partial derivatives of a quadratic cost function at its optimum and (b) Monte Carlo simulations exploring the whole space of parameter values gave consistent results. Diagonalisation of the covariance matrix yielded two linear parameter combinations that were most effectively controlled by data from periods with and without lack of silica, respectively. The two parameter combinations were identified as the essential inputs that govern the successful simulation of intermittently decreasing chlorophyll a concentrations in summer. A satisfactory simulation of the pronounced chlorophyll a minimum in spring, by contrast, was found to be beyond the means of the simple model.     

Relations between mercury fractions and microbial community components in seawater under the presence and absence of probable phosphorus limitation conditions

Microbial transformations of toxic monomethylmercury(MMHg) and dissolved gaseous mercury(DGM) at the lower levels of the marine food web are not well understood, especially in oligotrophic and phosphorus-limited seas. To examine the effects of probable phosphorus limitation(~PP-limitation) on relations between mercury(Hg) fractions and microorganisms, we determined the total mercury(THg), total methylated mercury(MeHg), DGM, and microbiological and chemical parameters in the Central Adriatic Sea. Using statistical analysis, we assessed the potential microbial effects on Hg transformations and bioaccumulation. Only in the absence of ~PP-limitation conditions(~(NO–P)P-limitation) is MeHg significantly related to most chemical and microbial parameters, indicating metabolism-dependent Hg transformations.The heterotrophic activity of low nucleic acid bacteria(abundant in oligotrophic regions)seems responsible for most of Hg methylation under ~(NO–P)P-limitation. Under these conditions,DGM is strongly related to microbial fractions and chlorophyll a, indicating biological DGM production, which is probably not metabolically induced, as most of these relations are also observed underPP-limitation. MMHg biomagnification was observed through an increased bioaccumulation factor from microseston to mesozooplankton. Our results indicate that Hgtransformations and uptake might be enhanced under ~(NO–P)P-limitation conditions, emphasizing their impact on the transfer of Hg to higher trophic levels.     

叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶抑制水稻砷积累效应研究

砷是一种毒性较强的类金属元素,稻米砷污染是近年来环境科学关注的难点和热点问题。为了控制稻米对砷的吸收积累,利用水热合成法制备了一系列浓度硒掺杂硅复合溶胶。采用盆栽和大田试验结合的方法,研究了硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）砷吸收积累的影响。结果显示,叶面喷施硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶可以有效缓解水稻砷毒害,增加稻米硒含量,抑制稻米砷积累。盆栽试验结果表明：叶面喷施质量分数1%的硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶（1%Se-Si处理）后,水稻籽粒干质量比对照增加了43.8%,砷含量下降了46%,硒含量由对照的0.050 mg·kg-1增加到0.272 mg·kg-1。且与喷施亚硒酸钠相比（1%Se处理）,喷施硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶更有利于水稻生长,抑制稻米砷积累。与喷施硒质量分数1%的亚硒酸钠（1%Se处理）相比,喷施质量分数1%的硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶（1%Se-Si处理）后,水稻籽粒干质量增加了65.4%,砷含量下降了33.1%。大田试验结果也表明：叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶可以显著抑制稻米砷积累,且随着硒掺杂量的增加,稻米砷含量显著降低、硒含量显著增加;硒的最佳掺杂量质量分数为0.5%,叶面喷施这种硒掺杂硅溶胶,稻米总砷质量分数由对照的0.25 mg·kg-1下降到0.14 mg·kg-1,稻米中硒的质量分数为0.26 mg·kg-1,符合富硒大米标准。砷污染稻田上,叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶不仅使稻米砷含量达标,而且可以生产出富硒大米。因此,叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶可能是治理稻米砷污染的新途径。     

辐射防护标准的历史回顾和ICRP1990年新建议书

国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)是非官方国际学术权威团体。目前世界各国制订自己的辐射防护标准都参考ICRP的建议。ICRP自1928年组建以来,关于辐射防护标准的总建议发布了四次。即第1、2号出版物(1958年,1959年),第6、9号出版物(1962年,1965年),第26号出版物(1977年),第60号出版物(1990年)。本文概述了ICRP历次制订辐射防护标准的原则和依据。ICRP的辐射防护指导思想变化代表了不同历史时期放射生物学、辐射剂量学及与辐射防护有关的其他学科的国际水平。ICRP研究辐射防护标准的历史经验可供其他行业劳动保护参考。     

Coccolithophorids, Nutrients and the Greenhouse Effect

Despite the fact that coccolithophorids such as Emiliania huxleyi are suspected to play an important role in carbon-cycling, there are few data from which to deduce how these organisms may respond to CO₂-induced global warming. the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient physiology of these organisms, together with its interaction with photosynthesis, needs to be studied especially in connection with the selection for coccolith forming individuals and the quantity and quality of the CaCO₃ deposited in the coccoliths. Without such data, it will not be possible to model the contributions that these microalgae may play in arresting the increase in levels of atmospheric CO₂.     

氮限制对三种赤潮藻生长以及种间竞争效应的影响

为了了解不同类别的赤潮藻类对氮(N)限制的响应,在实验室单独培养以及混合培养条件下,研究了N限制对3种典型赤潮微藻(中肋骨条藻、锥状斯氏藻和海洋卡盾藻)生长的影响.结果显示,N限制对3种赤潮藻类的生长均具有明显影响,其中中肋骨条藻对N限制较为敏感.混合培养体系中,藻细胞生长同时还受到种间竞争的明显抑制;而在3种藻混合培养条件下,种间竞争成为了藻细胞生长的决定性因素,锥状斯氏藻和海洋卡盾藻能对中肋骨条藻的生长能产生协同抑制作用.锥状斯氏藻是一种可形成孢囊的种类,N限制和种间竞争能促进其孢囊的提前形成,并且种间竞争能显著提高孢囊的形成率.     

中国湖泊细菌群落的生物地理分布格局及驱动机制——基于文献数据的统计分析

为阐明中国湖泊细菌群落的生物地理分布格局及驱动机制,基于已发表文献,收集了228个湖泊的浮游或沉积物细菌门水平分类数据和环境因子数据进行分析.结果表明:中国湖泊浮游细菌群落的优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,35.92%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,25.03%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,10.77%),沉积物中的优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,40.37%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,8.74%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,8.55%).中国湖泊浮游细菌距离衰减程度显著低于沉积物细菌;湖泊细菌群落结构在北方、南方、青藏高原的空间差异显著,北方水体及沉积物中细菌的距离衰减模式均不显著,南方水体中显著但沉积物中不显著,青藏高原水体及沉积物中均显著.浮游细菌优势类群中除Proteobacteria外,Actinobacteria (南方>北方>青藏高原)和Bacteroidetes (青藏高原>北方>南方)的丰度在三个地区均具有显著差异;沉积物细菌优势类群Proteobacteria (北方>南方>青藏高原)、Chloroflexi (南方>北方>青藏高原)、Bacteroidetes (青藏高原>北方>南方)的丰度在三个地区均具有显著差异.影响北方湖泊浮游细菌群落分布的主要环境因子是溶解性有机碳,南方是溶解氧,青藏高原是硝酸盐氮;影响北方湖泊沉积物细菌群落分布的主要环境因子是总氮和pH值,南方是总磷,青藏高原是pH值.空间扩散限制与环境筛选作用共同塑造了中国湖泊细菌的生物地理分布格局.扩散限制对浮游细菌的影响小于沉积物细菌,对青藏高原湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最大,对北方湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最小;环境筛选作用对青藏高原湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最大,对南方湖泊浮游细菌及北方湖泊沉积物细菌影响较小.     

从“限塑令”说环保

在“白色污染”对地球所造成积重难返的危害的情况下,“限塑令”应运而生,并得以大力推广和奉行。“限塑令”督促着人们环保意识的提高与加强,而规划和倡导“公共环保”尚需多方面的共同努力。