“十三五”以来我国生态质量状况时空变化分析

采用多源卫星影像融合遥感监测技术,根据《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ 192—2015),利用生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地胁迫指数、污染负荷指数和环境限制指数建立综合评价模型,以面积加权平均实现尺度转换,采用一元线性回归模型的斜率(θ_slope)分析“十三五”以来我国生态质量现状及变化趋势。结果表明,当前我国生态质量状况优良、一般、较差的国土面积占比分别为46.6%、22.2%、31.2%。2016年以来,我国生态环境状况指数整体呈增加趋势,年平均增加幅度为0.24,其中北京、河北、辽宁、上海、宁夏等省份的增加趋势比较显著,对应的θ_slope分别为3.01、1.02、1.04、1.89、1.24。生态环境状况指数呈略微增加、明显增加、显著增加的县域数量分别为271、545、287个,面积占比分别为10.5%、19.8%、5.5%,主要分布在东北地区、黄土高原、三江源地区、秦岭山地、东部平原地区以及长江流域部分地区。其中：黄土高原、三江源等地区生态质量提升主要是因为上述地区实施生态保护修复工程后,整体绿化程度明显改善,林草...     

Influence of ATD versus PMHS reference sensor inputs on computational brain response in frontal impacts to advanced combat helmet (ACH)

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study analyzed the influence of reference sensor inputs from anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) versus postmortem human subjects (PMHSs) on simulations of frontal blunt impacts to the advanced combat helmet (ACH).

Methods: A rigid-arm pendulum was used to generate frontal impacts to ACHs mounted on ATDs and PMHS. An appropriately sized ACH was selected according to standard fitting guidelines. The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) head was selected for ATD tests due to shape features that enabled a realistic helmet fit. A custom procedure was used to mount a reference sensor internally near the center of gravity (CG) of the PMHS. Reference sensor data from the head CG were used as inputs for the Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon). Brain responses were assessed with the cumulative strain damage measure set at 10%, or CSDM(10).

Results: Compared to ATD tests, PMHS tests produced 18.7% higher peak linear accelerations and 5.2% higher peak angular velocities. Average times to peak for linear accelerations were relatively similar between ATDs (5.5?ms) and PMHSs (5.8?ms). However, times to peak for angular velocities were higher by a factor of up to 3.4 for PMHSs compared to ATDs. Values for were also higher by a factor of up to 13.1 when PMHS inputs were used for SIMon.

Conclusions: The preliminary findings of this work indicate that small differences in ATD versus PMHS head kinematics could lead to large differences in strain-derived brain injury metrics such as CSDM.     

菰草滤床净化模拟村落污水尾水的试验研究

采用菰草（Latifolia griseb）滤床净化模拟村落污水尾水的实验表明,以污染物去除负荷最大值确定滤床的水力负荷为0．9m3／m2·d,此运行条件下水生植物滤床对TN、TP、COD。,的去除率分别为33．5％、39．2％、22．8％;以出水可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级A排放标准确定水力负荷应不大于0．3m3／m2·d,此条件下TN、TP的去除率分别为52．2％、58．3％。菰草滤床适宜栽培水深为15～25cm。     

中国国土空间规划人才培养体系建设

国土空间规划体系改革对人才培养提出了新的要求,构建新时代国土空间规划人才培养体系迫在眉睫。从人才培养和人才需求两个层面开展问卷调查,运用潜在冲突指数（PCI）等方法,研究中国国土空间规划相关专业的教育现状。结果表明：目前全国开设国土空间规划相关专业的高校约有261所,并呈现出开设类型多样化、办学层级多元化、学位学制差异化,以及硕博培养体系亟需完善等特征。从人才供给侧来看,学科基础的差异性导致了现有人才培养方案对规划基础理论掌握的要求各有侧重,但是各专业均表示出对规划工具应用、规划实践课程以及跨学科知识融合的强烈需求。而从人才需求侧来看,用人单位都重视多学科交叉复合型人才、理论与实践兼备的技术型人才以及基础理论扎实的专业型人才。为此,特从学科体系构建、基础理论研究、应用课程建设、专业评估机制和职业培训渠道等方面提出了国土空间规划人才培养体系革新思路。     

模拟酸雨对酸性土壤铝溶出及其形态转化的影响

研究了我国南方酸沉降区主要土壤类型在模拟酸雨影响下,土壤中铝离子释放及铝形态转化的特点。结果表明,酸雨淋洗造成土壤中铝离子释放,酸雨pH值越低,铝离子释放量越大;酸雨淋洗还造成土壤中铝形态发生变化,酸雨pH越低,土壤中羟基态铝和腐殖质铝含量愈低,交换态铝含量越高,土壤中铝对植物和生态系统的危害性也越大。     

An experimental study on using rare earth elements to trace phosphorous losses from nonpoint sources

Controlling phosphorous (P) inputs through management of its sources and transport is critical for limiting freshwater eutrophication. In this study, characteristics of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and P and their losses with surface runoff (both in the water and sediments) during simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h⁻¹) were investigated. The results revealed that on average most REEs (La, 94%; Nd, 93%; Sm, 96%) and P (96%) transported with sediments in the runoff. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in the runoff were significantly correlated, suggesting the possibility of using REEs to trace the fate of agricultural nonpoint P losses.     

The performance of passive flow monitors and phosphate accumulating passive samplers when exposed to pulses in external water flow rate and/or external phosphate concentrations

Passive samplers are typically calibrated under constant flow and concentration conditions. This study assessed whether concentration and/or flow pulses could be integrated using a phosphate passive sampler (P-sampler). Assessment involved three 21-day experiments featuring a pulse in flow rate, a pulse of filterable reactive phosphate (FRP) concentration and a simultaneous concentration and flow pulse. FRP concentrations were also determined by parallel grab sampling and the P-sampler calibrated with passive flow monitors (PFMs) and direct measurement of flow rates. The mass lost from the PFM over the deployment periods predicted water velocity to within 5.1, 0.48 and 7.1% when exposed to a flow rate pulse (7.5-50 cm s⁻¹), concentration pulse (5-100 μg P L⁻¹), or both simultaneously. For the P-sampler, good agreement was observed between the grab and passive measurements of FRP concentration when exposed to a pulse in flow (6% overestimation) or concentration (2% underestimation).     

县域国土空间主体功能区土地资源空间配置效率及管制策略——以江苏赣榆为例

从县域出发,深化主体功能区概念应用,探究土地资源空间配置效率及其管制策略对深化我国国土空间治理体系具有重要意义。通过梳理主体功能区与土地资源空间配置理论关系,借助C-D生产函数考察江苏赣榆主体功能区土地资源空间配置效率,并差别化提出管制策略。研究表明,主体功能区建设实质是“以地为本”,功能区划理念下土地资源空间配置应遵循边际净收益相等的转化度,具有增进用地效率、减少自发优势竞争效率损失的可能。对赣榆区研究发现,不同主体功能区农用地转为建设用地数量存在过量配置,具有帕累托改进空间,其根源在于现行土地计划管理缺乏弹性机制调节指标,造成实际落地中的空间错配。因此,赣榆区应从全区统筹主体功能定位,协调国土空间发展格局,其中优化开发区“革新土地空间结构,转变经济与产业发展方式”、重点开发区“助力城镇工业化进程,确保土地资源利用效益”、限制开发区“着力粮经产品安全,创新农业生产用地经营模式”、禁止开发区“划定生态空间红线,探索农旅生态用地结构布局”。     

县级国土空间规划分区方法探索——以湖北省黄梅县为例

国土空间规划分区是在统一联动的国土空间分区管控体系中为弥补中微观尺度结构性管控作用缺失而提出的新的分区层级,其技术方法研究具有重大的理论和实践意义。在分析空间治理“精明化”“精准化”“精细化”要求、对比不同分区逻辑的空间分区方法的基础上,利用空间分析、多元统计、加权Voronoi图等技术方法,从主体功能“点轴”发展规律出发,研究构建了定性与定量相结合的分区方法,并以黄梅县为案例进行了实证研究。研究表明：本文方法能够有效划定符合《市级国土空间总体规划编制指南（试行）》中一级规划分区内涵的分区单元,弥补了规划分区方法的缺失;依托功能发展结构的“自上而下”分区逻辑有效将空间结构管控内涵融入规划分区,实现了对空间结构的引导和管控;通过加权Voronoi图模型,识别空间的最优功能导向,提高了规划分区的科学性、技术性。     

Heterogeneous reaction of SO2 on CaCO3 particles: Different impacts of NO2 and acetic acid on the sulfite and sulfate formation

Despite the heterogeneous reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) on mineral dust particles significantly affects the atmospheric environment, the effect of acidic gases on the formation of sulfite and sulfate from this reaction is not particularly clear. In this work, using the in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technique, we employed a mineral dust particle model (CaCO₃) combined with NO₂ and acetic acid to investigate their effects on the heterogeneous reaction of SO₂ on CaCO₃ particles. It was found that water vapor can promote the formation of sulfite and simulated radiation can facilitate the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. The addition of NO₂ or acetic acid to the reaction system altered the production of sulfate and sulfite accordingly. There was a synergistic effect between NO₂ and SO₂ that promoted the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, and a competitive effect between acetic acid and SO₂ that inhibited the formation of sulfite. Moreover, light and water vapor can also affect the heterogeneous reaction of SO₂ with the coexistence of multiple gases. These findings improve our understanding of the effects of organic and inorganic gases and environmental factors on the formation of sulfite and sulfate in heterogeneous reactions.