纳米TiO 2 -碳纳米管复合膜修饰电极伏安法测定水中α -萘酚和β -萘酚

摘要：制备了一种新型的纳米TiO2-碳纳米管复合膜修饰电极,在pH值为5.57的NaAc-HAc缓冲溶液中,研究了α-萘酚和β-萘酚在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,据此建立了纳米TiO2-碳纳米管复合膜修饰电极伏安法测定水中α-萘酚和β-萘酚的方法。优化了试验条件,α-萘酚和β-萘酚分别在8.3×10^-7mol／L—1.0×10^-5mol／L和7.8×10^-7mol／L—1.0×10^-5mol／L范围内,浓度与氧化峰电流呈良好的线性关系,开路富集3min,检出限分别为3.5××10^-7mol／L和2.3×10^-7mol／L,模拟水样测定的回收率为97.6％—101％。     

市域国土空间格局多维度分解与传导路径

国土空间格局对协调区域保护与开发具有重要保障作用,其基本前提在于厘清国土空间格局内涵并构建科学有效的传导路径。由此提出国土空间格局多维度分解与传导路径研究框架,围绕生态保护、农业生产和城镇建设三个方面开展适宜性评价,基于国土空间潜在冲突识别与调解机制实现国土空间重构,运用区位熵识别优势功能分区,进而构建战略格局,并以东营市为例开展案例研究。研究发现：东营市国土空间适宜性表现为“生态保护重要、农业生产和城镇建设适宜”,潜在冲突以中度为主;国土空间重构包括农业空间、生态空间和城镇空间,地理单元的空间分异和行政单元的面积占比差别明显;优势功能分区包含重要生态功能区、农产品生产区、城市化发展区和弹性发展区,提供了分区分类的差别化管控策略;国土空间保护与开发战略格局包括“一心一屏一廊”的生态保护格局、“一圈两区”的开发利用格局和“两带”的弹性发展格局,树立了可持续国土空间利用的目标引领。研究结果可为新时期国土空间规划编制与实施以及协调区域国土资源有效配置提供有益借鉴。     

Transport of bacterial cell (E. coli) from different recharge water resources in porous media during simulated artificial groundwater recharge

• The recharge pond dwelling process induced changes in cell properties. • Cell properties and solution chemistry exerted confounding effect on cell transport. • E. coli cells within different recharge water displayed different spreading risks. Commonly used recharge water resources for artificial groundwater recharge (AGR) such as secondary effluent (SE), river water and rainfall, are all oligotrophic, with low ionic strengths and different cationic compositions. The dwelling process in recharge pond imposed physiologic stress on Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells, in all three types of investigated recharge water resources and the cultivation of E. coli under varying recharge water conditions, induced changes in cell properties. During adaptation to the recharge water environment, the zeta potential of cells became more negative, the hydrodynamic diameters, extracellular polymeric substances content and surface hydrophobicity decreased, while the cellular outer membrane protein profiles became more diverse. The mobility of cells altered in accordance with changes in these cell properties. The E. coli cells in rainfall recharge water displayed the highest mobility (least retention), followed by cells in river water and finally SE cells, which had the lowest mobility. Simulated column experiments and quantitative modeling confirmed that the cellular properties, driven by the physiologic state of cells in different recharge water matrices and the solution chemistry, exerted synergistic effects on cell transport behavior. The findings of this study contribute to an improved understanding of E. coli transport in actual AGR scenarios and prediction of spreading risk in different recharge water sources.     

消化污泥作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料的研究

为解决城市污染,实现污泥"减量化、无害化、稳定化、资源化"的目标,有必要寻求更多技术上可行、低成本的污泥综合利用新技术.测定了消化污泥本底的含水率、有机质含量以及经过预处理后不同含水率的消化污泥模拟降雨实验的渗透系数,浸出液的COD、氨氮、pH等.选择渗透系数低、污染负荷小的含水率为50%和60%的消化污泥,分别与石灰、炉渣以不同比例混合改性后,再测定模拟降雨实验浸出液的各个指标.实验结果表明,含水率为60%的消化污泥与炉渣以2∶1(质量比)混合时,渗透系数达到10-6数量级,已接近垃圾填埋场对防渗层的要求.因此,消化污泥改性后可作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料.     

Effects of clonal integration on the growth and physiology of Phalaris arundinacea under simulated herbivory北大核心CSCD

In order to investigate the effects of clonal integration on the adaptation of clonal plants to the environmental stress of homogeneous herbivory, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the ecophysiological response characteristics of Phalaris arundinacea collected from the riparian zone of the Poyang Lake wetland and Le'an River in Jiangxi Province and the effect of clonal integration on this dominant plant under two-months of simulated cyclical homogenous herbivory. Simulated herbivory strength was set at four different levels: no leaf removal (control) and 25%, 50%, and 75% leaf removal. We implemented two methods of clonal integration including no integration, in which the rhizome connection was severed, and integration, in which the rhizome connection was intact. We found that simulated herbivory significantly decreased the number of leaves, total shoot length, number of ramets, and biomass of P. arundinacea (P < 5%), regardless of whether the rhizomes were intact or severed. Ramets with severed rhizome connections (RRC) generally had higher growth indices than those with intact rhizome connections (RIC). Severing rhizomes did not significantly affect the chlorophyll content of P. arundinacea, while RRC under simulated herbivory intensities of 25% and 50% leaf removal had higher chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (Chlt) contents than RIC did, and simulated herbivory increased the chlorophyll contents of all ramets. RRC net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) were all higher in RRC than they were in RIC under simulated herbivory intensities of 50% and 75% leaf removal; however, the opposite relationship was observed under a simulated herbivory intensity of 25% leaf removal. Further, simulated herbivory limited the photosynthetic index of P. arundinacea. These effects resulted in an inadequate accumulation of nutrients in the plant. Phalaris arundinacea can adapt to simulated herbivory treatments in terms of growth, but clonal integration cannot improve the growth of P. arundinacea under a homogeneous herbivory treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Using a driving simulator to identify older drivers at inflated risk of motor vehicle crashes

PROBLEM: To develop appropriate assessment criteria to measure the performance of older drivers using an interactive PC-based driving simulator, and to determine which measures were associated with the occurrence of motor-vehicle crash. METHOD: One hundred and twenty-nine older drivers residing in a metropolitan city volunteered to participate in this retrospective cohort study. Using the driving simulator, appropriate driving tasks were devised to test the older drivers, whose performances were assessed by 10 reliable assessment criteria. Logistic regression analysis was then undertaken to determine those criteria that influence the self-reported crash outcome. RESULTS: As expected, driving skill of older drivers was found to decline with age. Over 60% of the sample participants reported having at least one motor-vehicle crash during the past year. Adjusting for age in a logistic regression analysis, the cognitive abilities associated with the crash occurrence were working memory, decision making under pressure of time, and confidence in driving at high speed. SUMMARY: The findings of this retrospective study indicated those individuals at inflated risk of vehicle crashes could be identified using the PC-based interactive driving simulator. Prospective studies need to be undertaken to determine whether the driving simulator can predict future crash events. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study demonstrated an economical driving simulator approach to screen out problematic or unsafe older drivers before a more detailed but expensive road test is considered.     

基于SCGE的国土空间规划模拟框架CTSPM及其在国土空间安全模拟仿真中的应用

土地利用指标的区域配置与部门配置是我国国土空间规划体系的核心问题。如何在贯彻落实国家意志和中央战略的前提下,根据我国不同类型自然地理区划和经济社会区划的发展实际,特别是根据城镇化格局定型区、发展型城镇化地区和收缩型城镇化地区等三类不同地区的土地利用的实际,充分顾及各级地方政府的发展意愿,优化配置各类用地指标,是本轮国土空间规划不可或缺的首要的基本任务。基于此,建立一个基于空间可计算一般均衡模型（SCGE）的多尺度、多区域、多情景国土空间规划模拟分析框架（CTSPM）,提出该框架在国土空间安全模拟仿真中的实际应用场景,以支持多种国家发展情景和土地指标分配方案下国土空间格局模拟分析,及其经济社会影响和生态环境影响分析,为各地区、各部门之间的土地指标“博弈”提供“辩论”平台,为科学编制国土空间规划以及深度理解国土空间安全的跨区域影响提供分析性框架。     

面向二/三维城市形态指标的PM2.5浓度调控模拟

城市形态可影响空气污染的源分布与扩散过程,但如何通过优化城市形态指标缓解城市空气污染一直缺少实用的定量方法与模型.故以长沙市为例,定量分析了二/三维城市形态指标对主城区PM_2.5浓度分布的影响,提出了一种关键因子指标驱动下的城市空气质量优化调控模型（UFR-AQOM）,开展了指标阈值与空气质量目标双约束下的城市PM_2.5浓度情景模拟实验.结果表明,长沙市主城区PM_2.5浓度高值区呈现"一轴两区四节点"的空间格局,商业服务用地与道路交通用地、高斑块密度与高用地容积率网格PM_2.5浓度相对较高.三类城市形态因子指标中,开发强度对城市PM_2.5浓度空间变化的影响程度最大,景观格局、用地功能次之,多因子共同作用比单因子影响更加显著.顾及因子指标贡献差异与交互作用的UFR-AQOM模型可有效用于城市PM_2.5浓度的优化调控模拟（R²=0.65,RMSE=1.40 μg·m^-3）.面向PM_2.5浓度达标约束要求,长沙市主城区宜加强周长面积分维数与斑块密度等景观格局指标的全面管控,同时应考虑对工业占比与水域占比等城市用地功能指标和用地容积率等城市开发强度指标的分区优化调控.研究成果将为面向空气质量改善的国土空间规划指标调控提供决策支持.     

“国土空间”内涵辨析与国土空间规划编制建议

科学辨析“国土空间”概念内涵是推进国土空间规划编制、完善国土空间规划理论的前提。应根据国土空间治理需求变化和学科理论发展需要,及时更新完善对“国土空间”的理解。本刊邀请15位青年学者研讨“国土空间”的概念内涵及国土空间规划编制建议,主要观点如下：（1）国土空间是复杂的人地耦合系统,具有构成要素多元性、时空尺度嵌套性等特征。需要用山水林田湖草沙是一个生命共同体的思维,进行国土空间的综合开发利用与系统修复保护,提出基于自然的空间治理方案。（2）国土空间是“流”所构建的网络空间,是不同利益主体组成的关系空间和为精细化治理服务的可计算领域。需要通过“流空间”进行国土空间的整合,推动区域之间资源和要素的共享,实现协同发展;也需要重视人地关系和人际关系的重构,协调多元主体的利益诉求,实现和谐发展;还需要完善国土空间开发管控的技术手段,平衡国土空间规划中的灵活性与统一性矛盾。（3）国土空间是有温度的空间。需要充分感知国土空间的风险性、适宜性、约束性、可达性,编制“以人民为中心”的国土空间规划,提升国土空间的人文关怀、生态功能和美学价值。（4）国土空间是国土空间规划和空间治理的对象,是具体的海洋空间、乡村空间、文化空间等,具有载体属性、资产属性、权利属性等,需要在国土空间规划中实现资源资产统一管理,彰显其经济价值、社会价值和生态价值,满足高质量发展和高品质生活对国土空间的多样化需求。     

分层异重流对香溪河库湾主要营养盐补给作用分析

为弄清分层异重流对三峡水库支流库湾主要营养盐的补给过程,通过分析2011年7月19日香溪河库湾常量离子、营养盐等监测数据,利用物质守恒规律,借用常量离子Cl-估算了分层异重流倒灌水量,计算了香溪河上游径流和水库干流倒灌对回水区氮、磷、硅负荷的贡献.研究表明:水库干流中的Na+、Cl-、K+、Ca2+、SO24-等离子浓度比香溪河上游径流高,在香溪河库湾中自河口至上游逐渐降低,Mg2+相反;SO24-、Cl-、Na+等离子空间分布差异显著,能够作为示踪离子;水库干流倒灌流量与上游径流流量比为12.59∶1;由长江干流倒灌输入的TN、TP、D-Si通量分别为54.97、3.53和221.90 t.d-1,香溪河上游径流输入通量依次为3.00、0.57和10.02 t.d-1;干流倒灌输入TN、TP、D-Si贡献率分别高达94.83%、86.13%和95.68%,沿河口逆向上游,干流倒灌对香溪河库湾营养盐的补给作用逐渐减小.