基于典型案例的流域规划环评管理成效评估

为提高流域规划环评的有效性,评估流域规划环评的管理成效并分析存在的问题和短板,在总结我国流域规划环评发展状况的基础上,收集并分析了2014～2019年经国家环保部门审查的25个涉及长江、黄河、珠江三大流域的典型案例,从改善环境质量、保障生态安全、维系生态功能和促进绿色发展等4个方面,选取16项评价指标分级打分,并通过MATLAB软件建立BP神经网络,提取各指标贡献度,分析流域规划环评成效和不足.结果显示,受评案例共优化水资源配置保障环境用水逾20亿m³,减少向主要河流排放污染物约20万t;降低流域开发规模调整规划水利工程方案223个,保留了411km天然河段;为保护野生动植物及其生境建议取消水电开发项目122个,避让了43个环境敏感区,但在推动绿色转型发展方面仍相对不足.建议围绕提高环评质量,加强环评成果落实,推动流域生态保护和高质量发展等方面,进一步完善流域规划环评管理.     

努力创建地震预报的应用基础学科——兼论板内现今地壳运动动力学

分析地震预报已取得的成就和面临的困境,根据国内外各相关学科的新进展,作者认为创建地震预报的应用基础学科是当务之急。一种可能的选择是,在现今地球动力学、动力大地测量学(地壳形变学)、实时大地构造学及系统科学、非线性动力学等前沿学科的交叉部位上,逐步建立板内现今地壳运动动力学(或板内现今构造微动态动力学、或板内地壳形变系统动力学)。它既是地震、火山、滑坡、泥石流等灾害预测的应用基础,又是立脚于中国的全球变化研究。对它的意义、研究对象、内容与方法作了探讨,最后提出了一批建议着手开展的应用基础研究课题。     

一种新型废旧轮胎组合拦石结构的试验研究

提出了一种由废旧轮胎组成的拦石结构,该结构用钢丝绳将废旧轮胎进行合理的绑扎,使轮胎与轮胎之间紧密连接,然后将该结构绑扎在用废旧钢轨或钢筋混凝土制作而成的柱子上面.当拦石结构受到落石冲击时,利用废旧轮胎的弹塑性变形吸收冲击能量.为了考察这种由废旧轮胎组成的拦石结构的防护效果,设计了试验模型,采用20 kg的砝码模拟落石,...     

确立灾害评估标准是我国“国际减灾十年”目标的重要问题

本文通过许多实例.从测、报、抗、防、救等几个方面论述灾害评估标准的重要性,进而说明了灾害评估与减灾管理以及灾情统计的密切关系.文中还根据我国近几年灾害经济损失的情况对90年代的减灾目标提出了看法.     

环保设施现状评价模式的研究

对环保设施运行现状定量评价模式进行探讨。模式从环保设施的整体、细节、管理和环境影响4个方面分析,采用调查、公式计算、插值、专家评分等方式,对环保设施运行的现状进行评分,建立了一个以计权方式定量评分来评价废气、废水处理设施现状的评价模式。     

Connectivity or demography: Defining sources and sinks in coral reef fish metapopulations

The identity of an individual patch as a source or a sink within a metapopulation is a function of its ability to produce individuals and to disperse them to other patches. In marine systems patch identity is very often defined by dispersal ability alone—upstream patches are sources—while issues of variable habitat quality (which affects local production) are ignored. This can have important ramifications for the science of marine reserve siting. This study develops a spatially explicit source–sink metapopulation model for reef fish and uses it to evaluate the relative importance of connectivity versus demography and how this depends upon the level of local larval retention and the strength of density-dependent recruitment. Elasticity analyses indicated that patch contribution (source or sink) was more sensitive to demographic parameters (particularly survival) than connectivity and this effect was conserved even under strong levels of density-dependence and was generally strengthened as local retention increased. Variability in the relationship between parameter elasticity and local retention was shown to be dependent upon the magnitude of connectivity for an individual patch relative to a critical connectivity value. The proportion of larvae lost due to transport processes was an important parameter which directly affected the magnitude of this critical connectivity value. Patches with connectivity values less than the critical value contributed to the metapopulation largely via production (i.e., local demographics most important). As local retention increased, so did the importance of demographic parameters in these patches. Patches with connectivity values greater than the critical value contributed largely via dispersal of larvae and thus the importance of local demographics decreased as local retention increased.     

SO2在水和有机溶剂中的化学形态及其脂/水分配系数：SO2生理学研究新模式

为了探讨内源性SO2生理作用和毒理作用的化学机制,采用真空减压法、超声波法、通气法、光谱扫描法及摇瓶法等对SO2在水和有机溶剂中的化学形态及其脂/水分配系数进行了研究.研究结果表明:1)气态SO2不仅易溶于水,而且更易溶于有机溶剂;2)SO2在水和有机溶剂中的溶解主要是物理性溶解,其主要以SO2分子状态存在于溶液中,在饱和溶液中90%以上是以自由分子状态存在,在较低浓度下也有50%左右以自由分子状态存在;3)SO2的脂/水分配系数仅为0.16～0.20,使存在于生物膜(脂相)系统的内源性SO2很容易进入水相并转化为亚硫酸盐,这将导致其在组织细胞内的半寿期很短,这符合信号分子的特征.由此结论:1)以SO2生理盐水溶液作为SO2供体,可作为研究内源性SO2生理作用和毒理作用的新模式;2)内源性SO2在组织细胞内的失活途径是:SO2→SO32-/HSO3-→SO42-.此外,论文认为亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液并不能作为"SO2供体"用以处理生物组织.     

An agent-based model for simulating trading of multi-species fisheries quota

Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) are increasingly seen as a way to make fisheries more profitable and halt over-capitalisation. ITQs allocate to users of a resource a share of a total allowable catch (TAC) which they are free to use, lease, or sell. We outline an approach to modelling the effect of an ITQ system in a multi-species, multi-sector fishery and apply it to the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (CRFFF) in Queensland, Australia. An ITQ model, based on the assumption that operators seek to maximize profits, simulates the use of tradeable quota units by operators in the fishery, taking account of the initial quota allocation to operators, seasonal fish prices and individual operator variable costs, their fishing efficiency and experience, and constraints on vessel movements. Rationalization of the fishery is predicted to occur under an ITQ system for the CRFFF, which will lead to reductions in effort, increases in profits, and changes over time in quota prices. The ecological consequences of transferable quota in the multi-species fishery are seen in the catch and discard levels of the less profitable species, even though a TAC was set. This had flow-on effects on biomass. For example, simulations showed that the TAC for the primary target species, coral trout, was used more fully than that for a less valuable target species, red throat emperor, and that this was achieved through increased discarding of red throat emperor. Catches of both coral trout and red throat emperor that were derived from the model were higher than those recently observed in the fishery. The effort predicted by the model, however, closely approximated the actual effort observed in the fishery following implementation of ITQ management.     

热轧无纺布应用过滤材料探讨

三维网状立体结构PET短纤维热轧无纺布 ,孔隙小 ,分布均匀 ,表面积大 ,热轧点面积仅为 0 .176 4mm2 ,总空隙率达 6 5 %～ 75 %。经后整理硬挺化的无纺布制成的滤筒 ,最大限度地缩小了设备的体积 ,应用沉流式除尘器 ,1μm颗粒的相对过滤效率为 99.9%